which of the following statements is true about correctional officers? which of the following statements is true about correctional officers?

Intermediate Sanctions are sometimes referred to as? Zebulon Brockway was the first superintendent of ____________. The inmates' perception that certain correctional officers have valuable skills gives rise to ___________. The estimated national cost per year to confine an inmate over 55 years old is? Inmates under the care and custody of a local, state, or federal correctional authority are generally housed in one of two types of facilities - a local jail or a state or federal prison. Many prison movies have been made in recent years. Mandatory release is similar to ________ in that persons let out under either arrangement ordinarily receive a period of community supervision. In women's prisons, the ________ role is occupied by sophisticated professional criminals who try to do easy time by manipulating other inmates and the staff to their own advantage. John Irvin said in 1986 that the purpose of jails was rabble management. Some officers become intrusive and pry into the personal lives of inmates. Which of the following is NOT a value or norm of the convict code? Option B is correct. To this end, we subscribe to the following principles. Contact your local or state health department for assistance with locating providers who are willing to accept uninsured persons. Time taken off an inmate's sentence for participating in certain activities such as going to school, learning a trade and working inprison is called _____________. According to Cullen and Gendreau, rehabilitation strangely enough, works very well with murderers. Which of the following is a supervision strategy that uses electronic technology to track offenders who have been sentenced to house arrest, or who have been ordered to limit their movements while completing a sentence involving probation or parole? a) They have considerable discretion in discharing their duties within the constraints of rules, regulations, and policies. [11] Incarcerated women with HIV have an even higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders than their male counterparts. [9,22,23] A large meta-analysis estimated the incidence of transmission of viral infections within prisons and found rates of 0.08 per 100 person-years with HIV. Referral to an HIV provider or specialist depending on the HIV medical providers experience, the stage of HIV, and complexity of medical issues. The CDC report on HIV Testing Implementation Guidance for Correctional Settings includes recommendations on linkage to appropriate medical care upon release from custody (Table 2). [67] Programs that enhance linkage and entry into HIV care are crucial. In the typical noninstitutional medical setting, confidentiality in the context of healthcare is a protected entity under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). The numbers for each year represent a sample taken at one point in time. [14,15], In the United States, the absolute number of men with HIV in state or federal prisons is consistently greater than the number of women by a ratio of more than 10 to 1, which is not surprising given the prison population is predominantly male. On any given day, more persons are housed in prisons than in jails, but over the course of a year the jail system encounters and houses many more distinct individuals; the higher total annual volume in a jail is due to much higher admission and release rates in jails than in prisons, where inmates typically have long sentences. [11,26] For some inmates with HIV, the correctional setting may be their first engagement in HIV care, and during incarceration substantial gains may be made along all steps in the HIV care cascade, including increasing the percentages of persons taking antiretroviral therapy and achieving virologic suppression. Assume the male role in a homosexual relationship. High rates of HIV risk activity coupled with low rates of HIV testing make the community corrections population an important priority for HIV screening and prevention services. "Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted" is the 5th Amendment. As of 2012, unions represented correctional officers in adult institutions in ________ states and the federal system. The first juvenile court established in 1899 in? Which of the following statements regarding prison subcultures is true? [50] In this setting, however, the use of universal precautions should negate the need for correctional staff outside of health services to know the HIV status of any individual patient. anti-staff mentality, interracial tension, or levels of violence. The power, right or authority of a court to interpret and apply the law is called? Having the inmate talk to a provider, a nurse, or a counselor at the follow-up clinic may help with concrete linkage to services. c. [76] Inadequate data exist regarding HIV prevalence in community corrections and HIV testing rates are low in this setting. [9] In a study conducted among male inmates in a Georgia state prison system, intra-prison transmission of HIV was associated with male-male sex in prison, receipt of tattoos while in prison, age older than 26 years, having served at least 5 years of the current sentence, Black race, and low body mass index upon entry to prison. A police force with integrity is one with little or no misconduct or corruption. Tempo is the time that events last. Inmates should mind their own affairs and do their own time., Inmates should not inform the prison staff about the illicit activities of other prisoners., Inmates should be indifferent to the prison staff and loyal to other convicts., or Inmates should follow the prison rules and not cause trouble. [69,70] Adherence counseling is particularly important, as studies have demonstrated that adherence to antiretroviral therapy is low in persons who have experienced multiple incarcerations. Criminologists Richard Hawkins and Geoffrey Alpert identified four general ways in which correctional officers respond to their jobs. The transition from a correctional facility to the community is a critical event for persons with HIV. The Supreme Court ruled in__________that it was unconstitutional and a violation of the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishment to execute people for crimes that were committed before turning age 18. The buyer has always had more power than the seller. The period of Western social thought that began in the 17th century and lasted until the dawn of the 19th century is known as? [12] The same meta-analysis noted above in the Georgia state prison system also reported an intra-prison HCV transmission rate of 0.75 per 100 person-years, which was significantly higher than the intra-prison HIV rate. The most frequent penalty in the Twelve Tables was? Restorative justice is especially concerned with repairing the harm to the offender. __ A case that involves one person who has a dispute with another person or entity. They represent a minor percentage of staff members in prisons. [20] The linkage to appropriate medical care during incarceration can be challenging since HIV specialists may not be available to provide medical services on-site at the correctional facility. Source: World Prison Brief: Highest to LowestPrison Population Total. These data are from correctional facilities in 59 CDC-funded Health Department jurisdictions. The ___________ was influenced by progressive beliefs that education and science were vehicles for controlling crime. The equal-protection clause under the ________ Amendment has led the Supreme Court to forbid racial discrimination and has led state courts to target gender discrimination. Depending on the nature of the complaint, investigations can be criminal (if the officer broke the law or violated an individual's rights), administrative (if the officer violated department policy), or both. [31,34,35,36,37] One HIV testing project that included more than 33,000 inmates in four states (Florida, New York, Wisconsin, and Louisiana) identified 269 (0.8%) previously undiagnosed HIV infections, and 40% of them were among inmates whose only reported risk was heterosexual contact; this study underscores why HIV testing based only on reported risk factors will fail to identify a significant proportion of incarcerated persons with HIV. Totality-of-conditions rulings have been handed down against prison systems in three states. An inmate with an officer does not need a pass. High rates of turnover among corrections officers are the result of? The ability of correctional facilities to successfully provide antiretroviral treatment for inmates is variable. How can one compensate for the effects of price instability when constructing cost estimates using high-low or regression techniques? The United States Supreme Court awarded Gerald Gault all of the following rights except? The American correctional Association expects of its members unfailing honesty, respect for the dignity and individuality of human beings and a commitment to professional and compassionate service. It also been observed that the functions have only one asymptote. For his crimes, Fay received a sentence of? Values such as supportiveness, teamwork, perseverance, empathy, and caring enable officers to cope with post-traumatic stress; they are part of team of colleagues who care for their coworkers. [7], The higher prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) within correctional facilities can partially be explained by the high percentage of inmates with a history of injection drug use. What items most often assumes the symbolic value of money in the sub-rosa economy of a prison? At year-end 2014, 1 in _____ adults in the United States was under community supervision. The _______ likes to give orders and seems to enjoy the feeling of power that comes from ordering inmates around. [11] As a result of improvements in antiretroviral therapies over time, the number of AIDS-related deaths in corrections has plummeted since the mid-1990s, similar to the trend in the general population; in recent years, fewer than 75 AIDS-related deaths per year have occurred in prisons (Figure 16). The correctional officer that believes that close association with inmates will make it easier to control the inmates is called a ___________. According to the text, for punishment to be effective as a deterrent it must be________,_________, and_______. [29,30] Jails, prisons, and community corrections are important settings in which to test individuals for HIV, especially given that many persons involved with the criminal justice system may be hard to reach with routine community-based testing and incarcerated populations have a higher HIV prevalence than the general population. What is defined as the conditional release of prisoners before they have served their full sentences? The other major goal of probation and parole . ___________ officers are experienced correctional officers who know and can perform almost any custody role in the institution. Which of the following statements is true? In 1972, the case of__________ruled that the application of the death penalty, as it was then carried out, was unconstitutional and set aside 40 death penalty statutes. France transported many of its criminals to Devil's Island. Evidence based corrections have shown very strong evidence that drug courts_______the future criminal activities of offenders. As a rule, statements including these words have less of a chance of being correct. [7] Since the state prison population is much larger than the federal prison population, it is not surprising the number of state prisoners with HIV far outnumbers the number in federal prison (Figure 9). [25], In the United States, upon entry into jail or prison, it is estimated that approximately 22% of HIV-seropositive individualsare unaware they have HIV. The contents are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official views of, nor an endorsement, by HRSA, HHS, or the U.S. Government. The religious group________sometimes burned witches and unruly slaves; made wide use of the stocks, the pillory and ducking stool; branded criminal offenders; and forced women convicted of adultery to wear "scarlet letters". The religious order that pushed for prison reform of the Walnut Street Jail was the? The "evidence" that evidence based corrections is based on is highly controversial. The next day, while discussing the incident, one of the arresting officers mentioned that the prisoner had said something about "have to kill myself" while being At the end of 2012, approximately ________ percent of the people who were employed in adult correctional agencies in the United States were security staff. [20] The immediate clinical management issues that should be addressed include HIV prevention counseling, referral for mental health treatment if needed, initial evaluation and staging of HIV, and referral for HIV treatment (Table 1). An inmate who helps other inmates with various legal problems. Branding has been in use as a punishment since at least Roman times. You seem to have a popup blocker enabled. A person appointed by the juvenile court to serve as a special guardian for the youth being processed through thejuvenile justice system is called a? A correctional officer who provides commodities to the inmate population is a called a ________. [26,69] Individuals taking antiretroviral therapy at the time of discharge should receive an adequate supply of antiretroviral medication as a bridge from jail or prison release to an appointment with a community provider. The punishment device that held the prisoner in a sitting position, with feet and hands locked in a frame, was called the stocks. A search of a prisoner's cell is called a? A crime which is a violation of a local ordinance and is punishable by only a fine is called an? The most common sexually transmitted disease, one which affects the eyes and lungs, is? Psychology - What is Psychology? The resources provided will help give an overview of the problems surrounding correctional suicides and . (1) Words such as ALL, NEVER, NONE, and EVERY harden a statement and indicate there are no exceptions. What is the reason why the Eighth Amendment has done little to protect inmates from staff brutality? Among different racial/ethnic groups, blacks have the highest incarceration rates. Which of the following statements is true about a high percentage of lawsuits filed by inmates? Most, though not all, death row inmates spend_______hours a day in their cell. The region of the country with the highest number of parolees is the ___________. Which of the following is NOT a civil right commonly forfeited by convicted felons? [48] Also, with short stays there may be inadequate time to collect a medical history, inquire about and verify current and previous medication regimens, or obtain the necessary antiretroviral medications before an individual is released. The normal patterns of behavior expected of those holding particular social positions are called__________. Which of the following statements is true? Show transcribed image text. In the case ofWolff v. McDonnell(1974), the Supreme Court ruled that inmates facing a loss of good time for a rule infraction are entitled to certain due process protections. More recent studies show that whites generally see misconduct as episodic and confined to individual officers, while blacks tend to see misconduct as a more entrenched aspect of . In the past, sellers had more power than buyers, but now buyers have more power than sellers. [72,73] Therefore, in this setting, it is important to utilize a range of HIV prevention strategies that include keeping released prisoners engaged in medical care, assisting them in taking antiretroviral therapy consistently achieving suppressed HIV RNA levels, identifying and treating sexually transmitted infections (since sexually transmitted infections can increase the risk of HIV transmission to partners), and facilitating the use of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for community serodifferent partners. Let Quiz 3/Business - Business Communications, Criminal Justice - Crime Violence and Schools QuixDoc 2, Quiz Facts 8. As of year-end 2016, the United States had approximately 2.2 million persons housed in correctional facilities and had an incarcerated population that exceeded that of all other countries, in large part due to the justice system's approach to illegal drugs. One study that involved 1,207 men and women who entered jails at 10 sites found that among all subjects who identified as HIV-seropositive, 65% were Black. Correctional officers dispense both formal and informal sanctions to induce cooperation among inmates. This is called _________. Incarceration offers a structured environment to initiate and continue antiretroviral therapy. [7] The relatively high HIV seropositivity rates among incarcerated women has been associated with higher rates of specific HIV risk factors, including past sexual abuse, exchange of sex for drugs or money, multiple sex partners, low rates of condom use, and injection drug use. The halting or suspension, before conviction, of formal criminal proceedings against a person, conditional upon some form of counter-performance by the defendant is called? Since individuals often engage in activities that may increase risk for HIV acquisition following release from the correctional setting, secondary prevention is a critical component of transitional care planning. answer choices. Many states have resource manuals listing HIV care providers. Question: Which of the following statements is true? Which of the following statements is most true? Option A is correct. Racism Identify the standard-setting professional associations in the field of corrections that have developed models of professionalism.The American Probation and Parole Association The American Jail Association The American Correctional Association Identify an accurate statement about education as a component of trueprofessionalism in Robert-Francois Damiens was sentenced to be quartered publicly in Paris for attempting to kill? According to BJS, _______ percent of the people discharged from parole in 2006 completed the terms of their community supervision without returning to prison or jail or absconding. Which of the following statements is true? [70,71] Several studies have shown that women have an increased risk of acquiring HIV when they have sex with a male partner with HIV who is released from prison; this appears to be particularly problematic for black women in the South. Members shall respect and protect the civil and legal rights of all individuals. The patterns of behavior expected of correctional staff members in particular jobs are called__________. By law, antiretroviral therapy must be available to all inmates who have HIV. Corrections Departments by State. See Answer See Answer See Answer done loading. A financial penalty used as a criminal sanction is called a? signed by an officer. What is one of the newest forms of prison contraband? Unions usually put the goals of the institution above the needs of individual officers. This graphic illustrates the concept that many more persons in the United States move through jails over time than in prisons. [45,66] In a study that involved released prisoners in Texas, only 30% filled a prescription for antiretroviral therapy within 60 days of release. To deal with the growing prison population England used floating prion ships called hulks. A device consisting of nine knotted cords fastened to a wooden handle used for whipping a convicted subject was a Cat-o'-nine tails. Serious crime in the United States continues to go down but the prison poplation continues to go up. 2015;105:e5-16. ___________ is/are the common denominator for most offenders in the criminal justice system? A pass must be signed by an officer to be valid. For persons with HIV, the community or parole officer can often play a key role in keeping an individual engaged in care. [52]In the past, some correctional administrators and officials thought placing all inmates known to have HIV together in special unitsand in some cases identifying them by an armband or special clothingwould reduce HIV transmission to both staff and other inmates. If a prosecutor drops charges after filing them, it is called? Approximately_________of women were under the influence of alcohol or drugs at the time of their arrest. If appointments cannot be made in advance, make walk-in arrangements with clinical providers. A punishment that is grossly disproportionate to the offense as well as those that transgress today's broad and idealistic concepts of dignity, civilized standards, humanity and decency is said to be? Assume that the Portland Trail Blazers center makes 58%58\%58% of his free-throw shots. [2], In 2018, the United States had the highest prison population rate (prisoners per 100,000 population) in the world and the total prison population in the United States was higher than any other country(Figure 3). The HIV Care Cascade Before, During, and After Incarceration: A Systematic Review and Data Synthesis. [11,42] Several studies evaluating the impact of directly observed antiretroviral therapy in prisons have found that directly observed antiretroviral therapy does not necessarily lead to better medication adherence than self-administration. Depending on the jurisdiction, convicted felons lose a variety of civil rights. [26,49], Maintaining confidentiality in jails and prisons can be challenging since the health information of prisoners is not always considered a protected entity. The parole concept has its roots in an 18th century English penal practice of __________. Correctional Institutions. The prison population is higher today in the United States than at any time in our history. [47] Financial barriers also prevent timely initiation or continuation of antiretroviral therapy in correctional settings. In one instance, a single case of tuberculosis rapidly spread among the inmates living with HIV in one facility and ultimately 31 individuals developed tuberculosis. The major Code of Ethics governing the field of corrections was created? Prevalence studies of incarcerated populations in the United States have found higher rates of multiple chronic medical conditions, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, asthma, arthritis, and malignancies, when compared with the general population in the United States, even with adjustment for sociodemographic factors and alcohol consumption. Few inmates suffer from psychological problems. The scale developed from a risk-screening instrument used to predict parole outcome is the _________________. Sentences that are served together are called? When a juvenile court transfers jurisdiction of a case to an adult court it is called a? ET for the sentencing for Alex Murdaugh. The special language of the inmate subculture is called? Paramedics from the adjoining firehouse were called and unsuccessfully tried to resuscitate the prisoner. [6], In the United States, during the years 1991-2015 the annual number of persons with diagnosed HIV in state or federal prisons ranged from a high of 25,976 in 1998 to a low of 17,146 in 2015; from 1998 to 2015 the number and rate of persons with HIV in state or federal prisons declined (Figure 8). Community corrections refers to adults on probation or parole. The HIV care cascade model has been applied to the correctional system in order to identify disparities and improve performance at every stage along the HIV care continuum, from HIV diagnosis to linkage and retention in care to antiretroviral therapy and virologic suppression (Figure 15). In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court hold that inmates skilled in legal matters must be permitted to assist other inmates in preparing cases unless the government provides a reasonable alternative? The fundamental difference between jail and prison is the nature of their. A. In adult court the offender is convicted; in juvenile court the offender is? Prisons have long had the right to provide only the minimal conditions necessary for human survival. With severe correctional budget cuts, prisons struggle to obtain money for? A place where the same people work, eat, sleep and engage in recreation together day after day is called? True or False? Incarcerated individuals who exhibit unique physical, mental, social and progammatic needs that distinguish them from other prisoners are called? Am J Public Health. [4,5] According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, at the end of 2016 the United States had approximately 2,162,400 adults in correctional facilities. This graphic represents systematic review and data synthesis compiled up to January 13, 2015. Which of the following is NOT one of those categories? [26] Fewer than 30% of persons with HIV in the United States who enter the correctional system do so with an undetectable HIV RNA level. Which of the following is NOT one of those states? [39,40], Receiving a new diagnosis of HIV while in a jail or prison can be difficult; thus, appropriate counseling and linkage to care during incarceration are essential components to any correctional testing program, just as in the noncorrectional settings. The case of Gates v. Rowland dealt with the issue of? [20], The landmark Supreme Court Estelle v. Gamble decision in 1976, which established that all incarcerated individuals have the right to adequate healthcare, provides the constitutional mandate for HIV care and access to treatment within the correctional setting. The ________ model holds that the inmate society is shaped by factors external to the prison environmentspecifically, the preprison experiences and socialization patterns that inmates bring with them when they enter prison. A particularly mean device for whipping, called the Russian Knout, had fishhooks in it. Guidelines for correctional officers---e.g., always go to the aid of an officer in distress, don't "lug" drugs, don't rat on other officers---are all part of ______. Because individuals with HIV in the correctional system often perceive that accessing HIV care may increase their risk of being subjected to violence due to stigma or homophobia, maintaining adequate privacy measures within the correctional system is of paramount importance.