Grand Duchy of Tuscany. between the two states. During the Holy League of 1571, Cosimo fought against the Ottoman Empire, siding with the Holy Roman Empire. In 1847, Leopold, following the death of the then-incumbent Duchess of Parma, Marie Louise of Austria, and the secret Treaty of Florence (1844), annexed the Duchy of Lucca, a state created solely to accommodate the House of Bourbon-Parma until they could re-assume their Parmese sovereignty. The grand duke also enticed English corsairs in North Africa to use Livorno as a base instead in exchange for amnesty and a share of their profits; Livorno quickly became a corsair capital, with the corsairs preying on both Muslim and Christian shipping. Cosimo III was of a puritan character, banning May celebrations, forcing prostitutes to pay for licenses and, beheading sodomites. In the 19th century the population of the Grand Duchy was about 1,815,000 inhabitants. Learning in advance of the In March 1809 a "General Government of the Departments of Tuscany" was set up, and Napoleon Bonaparte put his sister Elisa Bonaparte at its head, with the title of Grand Duchess of Tuscany. Following Ferdinand's death, his elder son, Leopold II, succeeded him. He sent munitions to the Emperor during the Battle of Vienna. [19] To strengthen the new Tuscan alliance, he married the deceased Francesco's younger daughter, Marie, to Henry IV of France. The characteristic landscape is a blend of gently rolling hills leading on to sharply peaked mountains that pose a formidable barrier between Tuscany and regions to the south. This expedition was less successful, costing 800 men and 4 ships disabled. These deaths were to affect him greatly, which, along with illness, forced Cosimo to unofficially abdicate in 1564. He and his grandson, Lorenzo de'Medici, were great patrons of the arts. The Tuscans despised the new occupying "Lorrainers", as they interfered with the Tuscan government, while the occupying Spaniards had not done so. It established a revolutionary commune. They were divided because the stato nuovo was a Spanish fief and the stato vecchio an Imperial one. Militia were recruited into the army as needed to replace losses. It was only with Austrian assistance that Leopold could return to Florence. Additionally, the senate appointed the commissions of war and public security, and the governors of Pisa, Arezzo, Prato, Voltera and Cortona and ambassadors. Ministers Plenipotentiary Benjamin Francis was reluctant to resign the duchy, but Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (Maria Theresa's father) stated that if he didn't relinquish his rights to Lorraine, he could not marry Maria Theresa. Garibaldis march to liberate the Kingdom of prior to Tuscanys incorporation into the Kingdom of Italy in 1860. St.Minias was Florence's first martyr on 250 C.E during Decius' anti-Christian persecutions. Tuscany was made a Duchy, its seat in Lucca. In 1613, Cosimo II sent 2,000 infantry and 300 cavalry, along with an undisclosed number of Tuscan adventurers, to aid the Spanish after Savoy launched an invasion of the Monferrato. A notable incident in this time was a naval battle off Sardinia in October 1624, in which 15 Tuscan, Papal, and Neapolitan galleys converged on a flotilla of 5 Algerian pirate vessels (including a large flagship). Over time, the Medici acquired several territories, which included: the County of Pitigliano, purchased from the Orsini family in 1604; the County of Santa Fiora, acquired from the House of Sforza in 1633; Spain ceded Pontremoli in 1650, Silvia Piccolomini sold her estates, the Marquisate of Castiglione at the time of Cosimo I, Lordship of Pietra Santa, and the Duchy of Capistrano and the city of Penna in the Kingdom of Naples. [8], The international reaction to Cosimo's elevation was bleak. Cosimo was born in Florence on 12 June 1519, the son of the famous condottiere Ludovico de' Medici (known as Giovanni delle Bande Nere) and his wife Maria Salviati, herself a . The said revolution toppled the throne of France, and caused disarray across Europe. In 1605, Ferdinando succeeded in getting his candidate, Alessandro de' Medici, elected as Pope Leo XI. Like the Empire's other loyal Italian subjects, the Tuscans were "hawks" who supported prosecuting the war to its conclusion. By 1506, it numbered 20,000 men, of whom 70% carried pikes, 20% halberds/bills and hog-spears, and 10% either arquebuses or crossbows. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Italian: Granducato di Toscana; Latin: Magnus Ducatus Etruriae) was an Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Republic of Florence. The treasury was so empty that when the Castro mercenaries were paid for the state could no longer afford to pay interest on government bonds. Despite his merits, most his subjects still dismissed him as a foreigner. During the reign of the Medici, which transformed the Republic of Florence into the Duchy of Florence and then the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Renainssance started. The administration of the state was delegated to bureaucrats. This page was last updated at 2023-01-01 05:41 UTC. The document in question was officiated on the 27th of that month. Diplomatic Couriers, Guide to Country Recognition and [1], The Grand Duchy recognized the United States in 1794 when it received the first U.S. consular agent to serve within the grand duchy, Philip Felicchi who was stationed at Livorno from May 24, 1794, to December 7, 1796. by President Franklin Pierce on November 1, 1854. After the fall of that empire it successively belonged to the Goths and Lombards, by the last . This can be observed in the register of prizes of the Order of Saint Stephen. Routledge: 1997. Their union wrought a high level of discontentment, but despite the tension they had three children, Ferdinando, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine and the last Medicean grand duke of Tuscany, Gian Gastone de' Medici. [23] Ferdinando's pro-Papal foreign policy, however, had drawbacks. The Senate, composed of forty-eight men, chosen by the constitutional reform commission, was vested with the prerogative of determining Florence's financial, security, and foreign policies. Leopold I (1747- 1792) Grand Duke of Tuscany Leopold I (1747- 1792) Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1790 to 1792, King of Hungary, Archduke of Austria as Leopold II.Second son of Francis Stephen of Lorraine (1708-1765) Holy Roman Emperor. of the United States early-on was beneficial to U.S. trade and commerce. In 1731, the Powers gathered at Vienna to decide who would succeed Gian Gastone. She and her court left on 10 December. Christina dominated her grandson long after he came of age until her death in 1636. They reverted to the crown with the ascension of Gian Gastone. Originally, there was a Roman settlement on the areas of Florence, called Florentia, but it was destroyed in the civil war between Marius and Sila. Francis I (as Francis Stephen became known) lived in Florence briefly with his wife, the Habsburg heiress Maria Theresa, who became Tuscany's grand duchess. Christina dominated her grandson long after he came of age until her death in 1636. Leopold also abolished capital punishment. Alternative History is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. An "Extraordinary Giunta" was placed in charge under General Jacques Franois Menou. Grand Duchy Of Tuscany. U.S. consular agents posted in Florence; thus the first U.S. consular agent During their reigns the Renaissance started on a serious way. Since their accession to the throne of Grand Dukes, the Habsburgs continually tried to make Tuscany a source of military power, to little success, as Tuscany had declined and demilitarized in the 18th century. All three contingents suffered high casualties, a third for the first two and over half for the third. By 1705, the grand ducal treasury was virtually bankrupt, and the population of Florence had declined by approximately 50%, while the population of the entire grand duchy had decreased by an estimated 40%. Propose any changes to the talk page. sign a treaty of commerce with the Grand Duchy. The same year, a Tuscan state council was brought into being. Mora, G. (1959) Vincenzo Chiarugi (17591820) and his psychiatric reform in Florence in the late 18th century (on the occasion of the bi-centenary of his birth). She and her court left on 10 December. Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor and his cousin King Philip II of Spain reacted quite angrily, as Florence was in theory an Imperial fief and declared Pius V's actions invalid. Chiarugi and his collaborators introduced new humanitarian regulations in the running of the hospital and caring for the mentally ill patients, including banning the use of chains and physical punishment, and in so doing have been recognized as early pioneers of what later came to be known as the moral treatment movement. 8 of them around 1610 floated a total of 200 guns. Gian Gastone was not as steadfast in negotiating Tuscany's future as his father was. Every grand duke after Leopold resided in Florence; they were considered to be pro-Habsburg. Despite his attempts at acquiescence, street fighting in opposition to the regime sprang up in August, in Livorno. Cosimo then commissioned the architect Vasari to build the Uffizi, as office for the Medici Bank and for a storage of artwork, continuing the Medici tradition of patroning the arts. Leopoldo II, Grand Duke of Tuscany was the third of the five children and the second but the only surviving son of Ferdinando III, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and his first wife Luisa of Naples and Sicily.Given the names Leopoldo Giovanni Giuseppe Francesco Ferdinando Carlo, the future Grand Duke of Tuscany was born on October 3, 1797, in Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, now in Italy. It was also known by the Greeks as "Tyrhennia" because of the Tyrhennian Sea. This was used both for the protection of towns and fortresses that the army was not able to garrison, and as a reserve from which semi-trained men would be drawn into the army. the Grand Duchy of Tuscany signed prior to the Grand Duchys incorporation Cosimo III's reign was characterised by drastic changes and a sharp decline of the Grand Duchy. Cosimo was born in Florence, on June 12, 1519, the son of the famous condottiere Giovanni dalle Bande Nere from Forl and Maria Salviati. Mora, G. (1959) Vincenzo Chiarugi (17591820) and his psychiatric reform in Florence in the late 18th century (on the occasion of the bi-centenary of his birth). [7] Vittoria della Rovere brought the Duchies of Montefeltro and Rovere into the family in 1631, upon her death in 1694, they passed to her younger son, Francesco Maria de' Medici. Franklin, Thomas In 1572 the Tuscan navy consisted of 11 galleys, 2 galleasses, 2 galleons, 6 frigates, and various transports, carrying in all 200 guns, manned by 100 knights, 900 seamen, and 2,500 oarsmen. He was succeeded by Ferdinando de' Medici, his younger brother, whom he loathed. necessity in order to maintain trade and commercial ties. Page 322. The Medici family moved to the Palazzo Pitti on 1560. [58] To be eligible, one had to be male and a noble. Chiarugi and his collaborators introduced new humanitarian regulations in the running of the hospital and caring for the mentally ill patients, including banning the use of chains and physical punishment, and in so doing have been recognized as early pioneers of what later came to be known as the moral treatment movement.[51]. Former Italian state (15691801; 18151859). In April 1532, the Pope convinced the Bala, Florence's ruling commission, to draw up a new constitution. The Great Depression didn't hit Tuscany as far as other Italian nations such as Venezia and Piedemont. From 1553 to 1559, Tuscany raised 30,000 troops for their participation in the Last Italian War, which saw the Republic of Siena being added to the duchy. Maria Maddalena, Cosimo II and Ferdinando II, painting after, The Grand Duke Gian Gastone's coronation portrait; he was the last Medicean monarch of Tuscany. Ferdinando's pro-Papal foreign policy, however, had drawbacks. Ombrosi was accredited on May 15, 1819. Cosimo I de' Medici (12 June 1519 - 21 April 1574) was the second Duke of Florence from 1537 until 1569, when he became the first Grand Duke of Tuscany. They built roads, aqueducts, sewers and many buildings. Tuscany was then invaded by France, who created the Napoleonic Kingdom of Eturia, making a reference to the ancient Latin name. Tuscany then ceded its Lunigiana territories to Modena with the exception of Pontremoli which passed to the Duchy of Parma. [72], After 1612, the Tuscans progressively stopped sending out expeditions and limited their naval operations to patrols. It peaked under Cosimo III. On it, the Tuscan army was mayor on defeating the Genovese, and got a large swath of territory, the Masacara lands. Italian nationalism exploded in the post-Napoleonic years, leading to the establishment of secret societies bent on a unified Italy. [7] Italy was unified in 1870, when the remains of the Papal States were annexed in that September, deposing Pope Pius IX. Neither of Cosimo's two sons was a suitable heir; Ferdinando was an alcoholic and epileptic, while his younger son, Gian Gastone, according to historian Paul Strathern, was not appropriate material[clarification needed] for the role of sovereign. Like his uncle, Francesco I, government held no appeal for him, and Tuscany was ruled by his ministers. Tuscany is richer than most of the nations on Italy, having more than five times the GDP of the United Papal States, about three times that of the Emirate of Sicily and about two times of that of Apulia, while only Lombardy and Piedmont have a larger GDP. The grand duchy had two sources of naval power: the state navy and the Order of Saint Stephen. Tuscany passed to another son, Leopold,[48] through secundogeniture. The negotiations had been between Spain and France, and the Etrurian regent was kept entirely in the dark, only being informed that she would have to leave her young son's kingdom on 23 November 1807. Hanlon considers the report overly optimistic, but with some basis in fact. That made the Republic of Florence to become very rich. [62] The militia had its origins in 1498, in the predecessor state of the Florentine Republic. Leopold was succeeded by Ferdinand III. Matilda of Canossa was their most famous member. Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Connecticut (with If Leopold's line were to become extinct, it would revert to the main line. of the Secretaries of State, Travels of Florence was rebuilt in 59 B.C.E as a settlement for veterans, named Florentia. [57] In April 1532, the Pope convinced the Bala, Florence's ruling commission, to draw up a new constitution. Italy on 1942. Florence became the cultural centre of the world, but militarily it got weaker until the Duchy of Milan forced Florence to submit to some terms that reduced the sovereignty of it. 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