russian atrocities in east prussia

. full stop. time to avoid being overrun by the Red Army, if they issued orders at all. [118], The explanation of "revenge" is disputed by Beevor, at least with regard to the mass rapes. These were organized after victims had been arrested under false charges by the NKVD or other Soviet controlled security organisations such as the Ministry of Public Security. [155] Indeed, the incidence of rape committed in the Far East was far less than the number of incidents committed by Soviet soldiers in Europe. Women were gang raped by as many as several dozen soldiers during the liberation of Poland. "[150], According to some British and American sources, the Soviets made it a policy to loot and rape civilians in Manchuria. [] history buffs might start with diary entries from the first days of the war in East Prussia in 1914, found and translated by Josh []. The Russian invasion of East Prussia occurred during World War I, lasting from August to September 1914. [notes 1][108][109], The first mayor of the Charlottenburg district of Berlin, Walter Kilian, appointed by the Soviets after the war ended, reported extensive looting by Red Army soldiers in the area: "Individuals, department stores, shops, apartments all were robbed blind. by David Thompson 15 Nov 2004, 07:01, Post Torture was used on a wide scale in various prisons, especially in those prisons that were located in small towns. inauthor:"Marcin Zaremba" in Google Books. In 1945, at the end of World War II, East Prussia was overrun by Soviet troops and about 600,000 of its civilian inhabitants were killed. Beevor has written that Red Army soldiers also raped Soviet and Polish women liberated from concentration camps, and he contends that this undermines the revenge explanation,[119] they were often committed by rear echelon units. The commission also found that the Polish military and civil authorities did their best to prevent such incidents and their recurrence in the future. As so often in war, it was to be defenceless women, girls and even elderly. They took back Mozhaisk. On Feb 24, the first day of the invasion, the Russian army crossed the administrative border of the region from the annexed Crimea and began the . As well as being the natural course for the Russian Empire to take upon the declaration of war on the German Empire, it was also an attempt to focus the Imperial German Army on the Eastern Front, as opposed to the Western Front. [169][170], Scholars Mohammad Kakar, W. Michael Reisman and Charles Norchi believe that the Soviet Union was guilty of committing a genocide in Afghanistan. [27] The Estonian standing army was broken up, its officers executed or deported. First, is there something particular to World War I about this soldiers mindset, or is it simply a permanent feature of war to have so little regard for individuals that things which strike us as atrocity are to this soldier nothing out of the ordinary? German complaints OnAugust 11, 1914, a week and a half after war had broken out betweenGermany and Russia, a terrified crowd from the East Prussian border village of Radszen appeared at the office of the . Historical Background. [28] In 1941, some 34,000 Estonians were drafted into the Red Army, of whom less than 30% survived the war. Ungvry writes that when the Soviets finally claimed victory, they initiated an orgy of violence, including the wholesale theft of anything they could lay their hands on, random executions and mass rape. Letters, of course, have the advantage that you send them and they dont weigh down your pack. [183] The rape of Afghan women by Soviet troops was common and 11.8 percent of the Soviet war criminals in Afghanistan were convicted for the offence of rape. The European Parliament described the deportation of Chechens and Ingush, where around a quarter people perished, an act of genocide in 2004:[98], Believes that the deportation of the entire Chechen people to Central Asia on 23 February 1944 on the orders of Stalin constitutes an act of genocide within the meaning of the Fourth Hague Convention of 1907 and the Convention for the Prevention and Repression of the Crime of Genocide adopted by the UN General Assembly on 9 December 1948. The Russian rapes caused many German women to commit suicide. A German military judge who was at the scene stated in an interview during the 1970s that he saw a female body with her legs spread-eagled and a broomstick rammed into her genitals. On the road to the village we shot about eight spies. The Soviets later forcefully occupied the Baltic States and parts of Romania, including Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. "Unheard-of Brutality": Russian Atrocities against Civilians in East Prussia, 1914-1915 * Alexander Watson; Alexander Watson. Now outcasts in their own homeland, many succumbed to starvation and disease as virtual slave laborers for their new masters, and the survivors were expelled in the late 1940s. [59], It's estimated that between 10 and 35 thousand prisoners were killed either in prisons or on prison trail to the Soviet Union in the few days after the 22 June 1941 German attack on the Soviets (prisons: Brygidki, Zolochiv, Dubno, Drohobych, and so on). The region of East Prussia has low rolling hills that are heavily wooded, and it is dotted by many lakes . [75] In Krakw, the Soviet entry into the city was accompanied by mass rapes of Polish women and girls, as well as the plunder of private property by Red Army soldiers. On 21 October 1944, Soviet soldiers killed many German civilians as well as French and Belgian POWs The Russian force in East Prussia was divided into the First Army under Paul von Rennenkampf and the Second Army under Alexander Samsonov. Whole families, women, children and old people were sent to labor camps in Siberia. The Krlis Ulmanis government was removed, and new illegitimate elections were held on 21 June 1940 with only one party listed, "electing" a fake parliament which made resolution to join the Soviet Union, with the resolution having already been drawn up in Moscow prior the election. [47], On 14 June 1941, thousands of people were taken from their homes, loaded onto freight trains and taken to Siberia. [57] Similar atrocities occurred in Sambor, Stanisaww, Stryj, and Zoczw. General Korneev responded by screaming, "I protest most sharply at this insult given to the Red Army by comparing it with the armies of capitalist countries. It is interesting to compare the excerpts that you have translated from this diary with the diary of S. F. Putiakov (1941-1942), which I translated for a recent anthology intended for undergraduates (The Russia Reader, Duke U. P., 2010, pp. For standard histories' treatment of the invasions, see Roger Chickering, Imperial GermanyandtheGreatWar,1914-1918,2nded.Cambridge,2004,24,26-27,and99; [8] This created a situation in which war crimes by the Soviet armed forces could eventually be rationalized. [citation needed], Fleeing before the advancing Red Army, large numbers of the inhabitants of the German provinces of East Prussia, Silesia, and Pomerania died during the evacuations, some from cold and starvation, some during combat operations. Some of the atrocities may constitute war crimes, said investigators from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, who examined myriad reports of rapes, abductions and attacks. They dies of starvation and from Gestapo bullets. Deutsches Reichs (2nd & 3rd German Empires), was located in extreme Northeast Germany (existed prior to 1945; it was dissolved in 1945). ( 1)", "Stadt ohne Mnner - Berlin - Tagesspiegel", 'They raped every German female from eight to 80', "Red Army troops raped even Russian women as they freed them from camps", "Remembering Rape: Divided Social Memory and the Red Army in Hungary 19441945", "Masacrul de la Fntna Alb, ngropat de KGB: peste 2000 de romni ucii de trupele sovietice", "Masacrul de la Fntna Alb. [94] Soviet authorities did not allow the 55,733 people who had been handed over to settle back in Ingria, and instead deported them to central regions of Russia. Others wondered whether these German protestations were little more than an attempt to divert attention from the atrocities they were accused of committing in Belgium and France at the same time. Human Rights in Afghanistan Since the Invasion 19791984", "4 Soviet Deserters Tell Of Cruel Afghanistan War", "Full text of European Court of Human Rights Decision on the case Kolk and Kislyiy v. Estonia: Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to Crimes against Humanity", "Augstks tiesas prstvji Strasbr gst ieskatu cilvktiesbu aizsardzb", "Amid V-Day Festivities, Soviet Partisan Braces For War Crimes Verdict", "Lithuania convicts Russians of war crimes under Soviet rule", "Polish artist in hot water over Soviet rapist sculpture", "Poland will not charge artist over Soviet rapist sculpture news.net", "Skulptur einer Vergewaltigung in Polen schockiert russischen Botschafter", The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 19391945, Laws of War: Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907, Swiss legation report of the Russian invasion of Hungary in the spring of 1945, "They raped every German female from eight to 80", Description of the atrocities of the Red Army in East Prussia, Book Review: The Siege of Budapest: 100 Days in World War II, Mark Ealey: As World War II entered its final stages the belligerent powers committed one heinous act after another, 27 Jan 2002 on-line article regarding author Antony Beevor's references to Soviet rapes in Germany, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, PolishSoviet War, Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, Aggravation of class struggle under socialism, Backwardness brings on beatings by others, 1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi, National delimitation in the Soviet Union, Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization, Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_war_crimes&oldid=1133030205, Aftermath of World War II in the Soviet Union, Articles with German-language sources (de), Articles with Polish-language sources (pl), CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Articles with Romanian-language sources (ro), Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2017, Articles lacking reliable references from July 2017, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2022, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2015, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022, Articles containing Azerbaijani-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, On 12 October 2013 a then 26-year-old Polish art student, Jerzy Bohdan Szumczyk, erected a movable statue next to the Soviet World War II memorial in the Polish city of. The norms of warfare in the pre-war period served to judge the escalating violence of the war but also to blame the enemy for the worst transgressions, which occurred in various contexts, war on land, invasions and occupations, the home front, war at sea and war in the air. by michael mills 15 Nov 2004, 00:25, Post [81], On 9 August 1937, NKVD order 00485 was adopted to target "subversive activities of Polish intelligence" in the Soviet Union, but was later expanded to also include Latvians, Germans, Estonians, Finns, Greeks, Iranians and Chinese. This agreement was signed between the USSR and Germany in August 1939; leading first to Lithuania being invaded by the Red Army on 15 June 1940, and then to its annexation and incorporation into the Soviet Union on 3 August 1940. One example was the Fntna Alb massacre, in which 443,000 Romanians were killed by the Soviet Border Troops and the NKVD while attempting to escape to Romania. [97], In 1943 and 1944, the Soviet government accused several entire ethnic groups of Axis collaboration. Subbotin reports his own behavior and the behavior of his comrades just after they crossed the German border in 1914 without a hint of self-censorship. But I didnt plan to write them myself. [157], During the evacuation of the Kuriles and Karafuto, civilian convoys were attacked by Soviet submarines in the Aniva Gulf. Thousands of Breslau civilians had waited to evacuate the city when they heard news of the Soviet advance on January 14, 1945.They could not evacuate until 6 days later because of rail damage and battles. [21] As an internal security force and a prison guard contingent of the Gulag, the Internal Troops repressed political dissidents and engaged in war crimes during periods of military hostilities throughout Soviet history. Soviet Leninets-class submarine L-12 and L-19 sank two Japanese refugee transport ships Ogasawara Maru and Taito Maru while also damaging No.2 Shinko Maru on August 22, 7 days after Hirohito had announced Japan's unconditional surrender. Jerzy Wgierski, Lww pod okupacj sowieck 19391941, Warszawa 1991, Editions Spotkania, "W czterdziestym nas Matko na Sibir zesali". document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Instead, wartime violence was understood by some constituencies in a different way. On the way, they ran into the commander of the division, General Gurko, and his adjutant Lieutenant Argnold, who ordered them to be given five lashes for overworking their horses. After the War, a more elaborate appearance of justice was given under the jurisdiction of the Polish People's Republic orchestrated by the Soviets in the form of mock trials. A significant number of these incidents occurred in Northern, Central, and Eastern Europe recently before, and during, the aftermath of World War II, involving summary executions and the mass murder of prisoners of war, such as in the Katyn massacre and mass rape by troops of the Red Army in territories they occupied. Occasionally, the battalions burned people alive. Stalin is said to have angrily reacted: "I shall not tolerate anybody dragging the honour of the Red Army through the mud. The crime was perpetrated by the Soviet occupation regime on the orders of high authorities in Moscow. Although the total number of victims remains a matter of guessing, the Polish state archives and statistics of the Ministry of Health indicate that it might have exceeded 100,000. War crimes committed by the Russian forces in Ukraine. Breasts of some of the nurses were cut off, the women being brutally raped. [120], According to Norman Naimark, after the summer of 1945, Soviet soldiers caught raping civilians usually received punishments ranging from arrest to execution. I have read academic blogs from time to time and I usually enjoy them. is there a full translation of the diary please. . Our lieutenant was killed early on, the soldier Seleznev was killed, and others too. Natalya Gesse, a close friend of the scientist Andrei Sakharov, had observed the Red Army in action in 1945 as a Soviet war . Indiscipline hampered the cohesion and fighting ability of the troops (remember Subbotin's drunk and hungover men in the midst of battle). Convict soldiers were then used to replace them; it was testified that they "stole everything in sight, broke up bathtubs and toilets with hammers, pulled electric-light wiring out of the plaster, built fires on the floor and either burned down the house or at least a big hole in the floor, and in general behaved completely like savages. I woke up early in the morning and set a table between two apple trees, red apples hung directly over the table. [54] The NKVD task forces followed the Red Army to remove 'hostile elements' from the conquered territories in what was known as the 'revolution by hanging'. The evacuation of East Prussia refers to the evacuation of the German civilian population and military personnel in East Prussia and the Klaipda region between 20 January, and March 1945, as part of the evacuation of German civilians towards the end of World War II. [18] [58] Only a small number of these deportees returned to their homes after the war, when their homelands were annexed by the Soviet Union. The preferred form of suicide was poison, and most Berlin women seem to have been provided with poison before the Red Army arrived. [91] Afterward, the Soviet Greeks started returning to their homes, or emigrating towards Greece. by WalterS 15 Nov 2004, 06:57, Post These include images of slain women and children. . In general, the communication of emotion to oneself seems to not have been among the purposes of most of these diarists. [74], The attitude of Soviet servicemen towards ethnic Poles was better than their attitude towards the Germans, but it was not entirely better. But we had hardly begun feasting when the alarm was raised. January 1945. After the reconquest by the 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking with the support of 333 Infantry Division and the 7th Panzer Division on 18 February 1943 the Wehrmacht soldiers discovered numerous deaths. [16], The pogroms were condemned by the Red Army high command and guilty units were disarmed, while individual pogromists were court-martialed. We traveled lightly, taking only our weapons, the rest we left behind, we were on field patrol. 40-41, 46-47, 51-53), Peter Antill/Peter Dennis, Berlin 1945: End of the Thousand Year Reich, 2005 Osprey Publishing, p. 85, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMawdsley1998 (. by sylvieK4 11 Nov 2004, 03:29, Post 120,000 in acts of direct violence, mostly by Soviet troops but also by Poles, 60,000 in Polish and 40,000 in Soviet concentration camps or prisons mostly from hunger and disease, and 200,000 deaths among civilian deportees to forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union), 130,000 in Czechoslovakia (thereof 100,000 in camps) and 80,000 in Yugoslavia (thereof 15,000 to 20,000 from violence outside of and in camps and 59,000 deaths from hunger and disease in camps). He then "spoke agitatedly about the sufferings of the Red Army and the horrors that it was forced to endure while it was fighting through thousands of kilometers of devastated country." The Red Army was also involved in mass-scale looting in liberated territories. Lines of horse-drawn carts laden with women, children and painstakingly trussed-up . [73] It is estimated that over 20,000 people died in Soviet prisons[citation needed]. East Prussia Coat of Arms. Between 1940 and 1941, thousands of Lithuanians were arrested and hundreds of political prisoners were arbitrarily executed. Black January (Azerbaijani: Qara Yanvar), also known as Black Saturday or the January Massacre, was a violent crackdown in Baku on 1920 January 1990, pursuant to a state of emergency during the dissolution of the Soviet Union. [145] The local Chinese population sometimes even joined in these attacks against the Japanese population with the Soviet soldiers. When the Allied Powers of World War II founded the post-war International Military Tribunal to examine war crimes committed during the conflict by Nazi Germany, with officials from the Soviet Union taking an active part in the judicial processes, there was no examination of Allied Forces' actions and no charges were ever brought against its troops, because they were also an undefeated power which then held Europe under military occupation, marring the historical authority of the Tribunal's activity as being, in part, victor's justice. Soviet soldiers often engaged in plunder, rape and other crimes against the Poles, causing the population to fear and hate the regime. During the Augustw chase in 1945, more than 2,000 Poles were captured and about 600 of them are presumed to have died in Soviet custody. The work gives a rambling description of the Soviet invasion of East Prussia in January 1945; atrocities committed against German civilians are the main concern. 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Atrocities against Civilians in East Prussia, 1914-1915 * Alexander Watson ; Watson...