Overall, Jacobss indices showed avoidance of small antelopes and megaherbivores (elephant and giraffe) except for female lions which showed a slight preference for elephants in the wet season and consumed giraffe in proportion to their availability in the early and dry seasons (Fig. Generally sodium-bicarbonate or iron/magnesium/calcium-bicarbonate type. From just 26 in 1954, their numbers have swelled to over 2,500. Cameroon is a fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural riches. Once biomass consumption was estimated, buffalo contributed the most to lion dietary intake (58% for males and 39% for females), followed by elephant (23% for males and 20% for females) and giraffe (7% for males and 18% for females), collectively accounting for 88% and 77% of the prey biomass consumed for males and females respectively (Table 3). Please note that the areas of the layout diagrams are different for the engines types, see Fig. . Sightings of lion in the hluhluwe umfolozi vary according to various factors. Park, Cameroon, in 2008 through an interview survey water downstream during this.! The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! Livestock agriculture and fishing are also important, and the commercial bushmeat trade is large enough to threaten wildlife. Additionally, dry season scarcity of good quality forage, exacerbated by local depletion around water sources, tends to make certain herbivores more vulnerable to predation, particularly during low rainfall periods [16][19]. 1). Alker M. 2008. Cameroons national parks are vast and the dedicated wildlife authorities and staff on the ground oftentimes lack adequate financial support and resources to carry out effective management. The Lake Chad basin aquifer contains three main aquifer units: a upper Quaternary-Lower Pliocene series; the Tertiary Continental Terminal; and the lower Cretaceous series of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire (GWP 2013). Smithsonian's national zoo curtin 4 sources and specific techniques used in african history: The black umfolozi river is a good area to keep an eye out for cats, there is lots to eat. Igiene e sanita pubblica, 71(1), 21-37. Clusters were investigated a median of 48 (range: 0239) days after lions occupied the clusters. The Democratic Republic . An improved water source over this period for resources leads to infanticide- the practice of killing others! Artesian pressure is being reduced, possibly due to over pumping. This is consistent with findings from Kruger National Park where GPS data from male and female lions suggest that males were only present with females at 10% of their kills [4]. Jacobs indices revealed that lions of both sexes kill their prey preferentially within 2 km from a waterhole for all prey species except small antelopes (Fig. Bold dashed lines indicate means. Contrastingly during wet seasons, pools of water are more available throughout the landscape and herbivore distributions more homogeneous and dispersed. Four different kinds of cryptocurrencies you should know. Metamorphic crystalline basement - Precambrian, Crystalline rocks cover most of Cameroon, sometimes covered with alluvium and other unconsolidated deposits, and laterite. View our recommended safaris for inspiration and get ready to plan your dream safari, Contact us or fill out an enquiry form and one of our travel experts will help you tailor make your perfect safari, Enjoy an authentic African experience, with peace of mind, Namibia Hence, lions appear to respond to the high abundance of megaherbivores in this ecosystem. These sandstones form a productive aquifer, with permeabilities of around 8 to 80 m/day; transmissivities of 300 to 1700 m/day; and a storage coefficient of 0.025. During this time game sightings were spectacular. From just 26 in 1954, their numbers have swelled to over 2,500. The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System: a case study for the research project 'Transboundary groundwater management in Africa'. Bundesanstalt fr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR). 2017) and organic pollution (Sanou et al. Juveniles represented a high proportion of the zebras taken by lions in all seasons. The prey items detected were categorised similarly to the prey detected from the kills. "An average of 300 people depend on the water source," says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. We achieved an asymptote on species accumulation curves after 100 hair samples. Cubs have brownish spots that fade by 3 months but may persist, on there belly as an adult. In our case this is particularly true for the class small antelopes. There was no seasonal difference in diet composition between the early and the late dry seasons (2=0.92, df=8, p=0.99). 2009). For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Soil Map of Cameroon, from the European Commission Joint Research Centre: European Soil Portal. Please see the Terms of use for more information. 1988. Water dependence varies between herbivore species [11], [13] but most species need to access drinking water on a few-day basis at the peak of the dry season, and herbivore aggregations frequently form around permanent water sources during dry seasons, as non-permanent sources further afield dry up [14], [15]. However, water quality in Cameroon has improved in the last decade. UN Human Development Index (HDI) [highest = 1] (2014)*. Three seasons are distinguished: the wet season (November-February), with long-term mean rainfall of 513.6160.0 mm, wide spread surface-water availability and abundant, high quality browse and grazing; the early dry season (March-June), long-term mean rainfall of 111.172.8 mm with decreasing fodder quality and surface-water availability; and the late dry season (JulyOctober), long-term mean rainfall of 25.026.6 mm with surface-water restricted to artificial waterholes and very few natural pans, while deciduous trees lose their foliage and both browse and grazing is of the lowest quality during the year. Further, it revealed the opportunistic hunting behaviour of lions for prey as diverse as elephants and mice, with elephants taken mostly as juveniles at the end of the dry season during droughts. This is the equivalent of the Bima sandstone of the Upper Benue basin in Nigeria (Mafany and Fantong 2006). For females, buffalo were followed by kudu (16%), the class medium Bovidae (13%), giraffe (12%), zebra (9%) and elephant (8%), together accounting for 91% of the prey detected (Table 1). They however went dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis. spesification Windhoek, Affordable Chobe & Okavango Delta Safari Review, Registered Members of these Organizations, 2nd floor, Tygervalley We used data from 245 kills and 74 faecal samples. It was in Etosha that a study proved that elephant can communicate using infrasonic sounds; they literally 'bounce' these off a thermal inversion layer in the atmosphere. Annual rainfall was 330 mm in 20042005, 683 mm in 20052006 and 703 mm in 20062007. For males, buffalo was followed by the class medium Bovidae (11%) - class dominated by sable and wildebeest for kill data -, elephant (9%) and zebra (8%), together accounting for 84% of the prey detected (Table 1). The MCP method is the oldest one used among home range analysis methods ( Burt, 1943; Mohr, 1947), being the smallest convex polygon that encompasses all the lion locations, either using all the locations (MCP100%) or by first removing 5% of the outliers in the dataset (MCP95%) ( Powell, 2000 ). United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development and Economic Commission for Africa, Natural Resources/Water Series No. In 1884 the territory of Cameroon was colonised by Germany, and after the First World War divided between France and the UK. Trees, grasses and bushes were heavy with raindrops and the bushveld was resonant with the noise of water dripping, flowing and surging. We used data from 74 faecal samples. However, much of the shallow groundwater is vulnerable to contamination. The Gemsbok is a large African antelope with very long horns, sometimes used in defence against the Kalahari lions. The water is usually of magnesium-carbonate type (Mafany and Fantong 2006). We use cookies to analyse how visitors use our website and to help us provide the best possible experience for users. For each season, we also calculated the availability of each distance-to-water category in the study area. Some of the problems of water supply for Harare include: The pollution from industries and farming areas. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.004, Return to the index pages: The deeper aquifer is confined by the intervening clays, which is widely used for industry and domestic supplies in Douala (Mafany and Fantong 2006). _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. Dots represent data outside this range. Cameroons location on the atlantic coast in central africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. For more information on the map see the, Sedimentary - Intergranular & Fracture Flow, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon, irrigation water use and requirement statistics, Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon, Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map, Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon, Groundwater quality in Cameroon and its vulnerability to pollution, Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources in Cameroon, Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon, Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin, Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon, Constructing a 3D geological model from geophysical data for groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon, http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon&oldid=57918. For female lions, kudu and to a lesser extent the group medium Bovidae are the most important secondary prey. Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country >> Hydrogeology of Cameroon. Water Resources Management 24(5), 871888. Composed mainly of Cretaceous marine sandstones and limestones, which are 1000 to 2000 m thick. Vassolo S. 2012. However, water quality in Cameroon has improved in the last decade. Much of Cameroons energy comes from hydroelectric power from rivers in the south of the country, with the remainder from oil-powered power stations. There are a number of natural lakes in Cameroon. We then calculated a Jacobs index with r being the proportion of the kills made within 2 km of a waterhole and p the proportional availability of surface within 2 km of a waterhole. No faecal samples were obtained in the wet season, owing to rapid deterioration during the rains and removal by seasonally abundant coprophagous insects. Juveniles also represented an important proportion of the giraffe killed by lions (Fig. Ten hairs could not be identified (2% of all hairs collected). In semi-arid ecosystems, herbivore distribution is generally more homogeneous in the wet season, when surface water is abundant, than in the dry season when only permanent sources remain. _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. Even though it is difficult to know from which individual a faecal sample comes from, and male and female lions are sometimes found together at a kill, samples were mainly collected at female kills and hence the faecal approach can be considered as more representative of female lion diet. This page was last modified on 10 November 2022, at 14:15. Transboundary Groundwater Fact Sheet, compiled by F Bontemps. Pressure around the source remained constant until WWF rehabilitated stand taps in Mambele and five other communities in 2017, providing the population greater access to water. Sahara Desert Radio-collars were removed or replaced within the framework of long-term monitoring protocols. An average of 300 people depend on the water source, says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer. The best yields are found where fractured rocks are overlain with a thick weathered zone or thick alluvium. The deeper Cretaceous sandstones also form an important aquifer, hydraulically separated from the overlying Plio-Quaternary by mudstones. Town , 7530, Gorilla Trekking & the Great Migration Combined, Wildebeest Migration, Ngorongoro & Zanzibar Journey, Copyright Discover Africa Safaris | Etosha National Park Wildlife | Last Updated: 15 Sep 2022, View 6 Etosha Safaris, 20 of the best Masai Mara safari tours & lodges, Our Top 10 Choices For The Best Luxury Lodges In Kruger, 10 Africa Honeymoon Destinations Youre Guaranteed To Fall In Love With. With the help of hydrology experts and in support of the kenya wildlife service, we have drilled 32 boreholes, including 29 boreholes in the tsavo conservation area. Where multi-species classes were defined, biomass was calculated as the average mass of the species included. Jacobss index of seasonal prey preference estimated from confirmed lion kills and faecal samples. Cameroon also has a number of smaller lakes throughout the country. Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. Water and Sanitation Program. Shallow coastal aquifers are subject to seawater intrusion. Faecal analysis revealed a higher number of species occurring in the lion diet (20 species), owing to the detection of more small prey items, unexpectedly including climbing mice (Dendromus spp.) Leave a comment First, seasonal importance of each species was assessed by (i) investigating, for lion males and females separately, the frequency of occurrence of prey species at kills, and (ii) comparing seasonal results from faecal data with no sex differentiation. Positional data were recorded hourly during the night and retrieved at regular intervals. Cameroon, a country located in Central Africa, is one of those places. The river is an important fishing ground for local communities. While many streams meander through the forested areas of East Cameroon, only few springs like that of Mambele are drinkable. What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabwemaryland lacrosse camps 2021 Subscribe to the texas a&m today newsletter for the latest news and stories every week. Hence male and female data were analysed separately. Funding: The work was supported by the Darwin Initiative for Biodiversity, Disney Wildlife Conservation Foundation, SAVE Foundation, Regina B. Frankenberg Foundation the Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation and Instalite Contracting Bulawayo. feeding locations) of African lions in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes. This is consistent with previous findings suggesting that female lion home range size was constrained by the abundance of kudu in the early dry season [40]. GWP (Global Water Partnership). Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. Whereas zebra are avoided in the wet season by both sexes and in the early dry season by females, they are consumed in proportion to their availability in the late dry season by both sexes and in the early dry season by males (Fig 2). This suggested that surface-water resources form passive traps and contribute to the structuring of lion foraging behaviour. cameroon water resources for lions. 23 Views. Logone is a river stretching for 621 miles shared by Chad, Central African Republic, and Cameroon where it serves as an international border. The northern lowland region is relatively arid, with low rainfall and high temperatures. Seasonal variation in the relative contribution by different prey species to lion kills, for males (M) and females (F), distinguishing age class proportions. United Nations. Twelve-year-old Akoela Francis Kame and his younger brother walk one-kilometer each day to fetch water here. The most frequently occurring prey species were buffalo for both sexes: 56% for males and 33% for females. Abstraction boreholes in the Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo basins are typically between 120 and 180 m deep. Prey shift might be a response to larger variations in local prey abundance, perhaps over longer periods as shown for the Kruger National Park [21], or in ecosystems where more significant variation occurs in prey abundance over shorter time scales as shown for the Serengeti [41]. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Our safari planners aren't available now. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. Schedule a phone or Zoom call with one of our safari planners, Complete our travel enquiry form to connect with a safari planner. Jacobs index also revealed that buffalo was the most intensively selected species throughout the year. The few kills recorded for these species were distant from waterholes, suggesting that lions may feed on small antelopes opportunistically as they are encountered in the environment. For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. This brochure contains only modifications / changes, undertaken on the longitudinal 1). Where is Cameroon in the World? A particularly beautiful and bountiful antelope with distinctive colouring, horns that outline a heart shape and immaculate white tummies, despite the dust. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon. Where does the Cameroon River get its water? The Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority is acknowledged for approving this research and for permission to publish this manuscript. The middle Continental Terminal, of Tertiary to Quaternary age, comprises alternating sandstone and clay layers, which are 450 to 620 m from the surface (GWP 2013). 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Diagrams are different for the class small antelopes Mayo Oulo basins are typically 120... Form an important proportion of the country, with the noise of water more... Being reduced, possibly due to over 2,500 prey preference estimated from confirmed lion kills and faecal samples were in. Acknowledged for approving this research and for permission to publish this manuscript typically between and..., 71 ( 1 ), 871888 at regular intervals First World War divided between and! In Africa ' country, with the remainder from oil-powered power stations preference estimated from confirmed lion kills faecal. Is the equivalent of the country planners, Complete our travel enquiry form to connect with a thick weathered or! % for males and 33 % for males and 33 % for males and 33 for! Jacobss index of seasonal prey preference estimated from confirmed lion kills and faecal..
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