Name of Hlif's son. The red-blooded, rip-roaring, gung-ho Gods beloved by the Vikings. Knowledge of them is primarily based on two works called the Eddas and other medieval . However, without Christianity we might not know about Norse mythology at all. Norse mythology. The stories of gods, heroes, and beings fascinated generations and inspired them to choose Norse mythology names for their babies. In addition to the Jtnar, are the Ljslfar (Light Elves) who live in Alfheim and the Dkklfar (Dark Elves) who live in Svartalfheim. The Allfather of the Norse Pantheon and the father of many famous gods such as Thor and Baldur. An eagle lives at the top of Yggdrasil, while the dragon Nihggr (Nidhogg) lives at the bottom and chews on its roots. The Dwarfs are responsible for creating some of the sirs most valuable possessions, including Mjlnir (Thors hammer), Gleipnir (the chains that bind the Fenris-wolf), and Sifs golden hair after Loki shaved her bald off as a joke. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. The saga corpus consists of thousands of tales recorded in Old Norse ranging from Icelandic family histories (Sagas of Icelanders) to Migration period tales mentioning historic figures such as Attila the Hun (legendary sagas). Its no wonder that it has seen a resurgence in popularity in recent years, from Marvels Thormovies to Neil Gaimans American Gods (the bookand the TV series) to Rick Riordans Magnus Chase series. The Giant with the Flaming Sword (1909) by John Charles Dollman. There he fights the Vanir god Freyr. Ugo: This name means eagle and it is of Nigerian origin. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Ellis. Arguably, the Norns are the most powerful beings of all in Norse mythology - they govern the lives of gods and mortals, they decide what is going to happen, including when and how. She rides to battle to choose among the slain and brings her chosen to her afterlife field Flkvangr. Based on the above, you might be tempted to think that we currently have a very full picture of heathen Germanic mythology and religion. Do you have any questions about Norse mythology you would like us to answer? Although seemingly safely separated by the empty void Ginnungagap, the cold and heat expanded to meet after all, resulting in Muspelheim's fire melting the ice, from which two assumingly dripping wet figures emerged: the (proto-)giant Ymir and the cow Audhumla. Not sure of the spelling? The word "metod", (measure, fate) the power that metes out or dispenses, is used in Heliand, as in the phrase "metodo giscapu" translated as "determined by fate". Norse Concepts Norse Creatures Norse Gods Search Aesir He is a member of the Aesir, the principal race of gods that rules the Seven Realms in Norse mythology.. Heres everything you need to know about the basics of Norse mythology (plus a little more). inb4 Skadi is the Freyja-lookalike girl with pink hair from the opening movie. The Old Norse Language and How to Learn It, The Swastika Its Ancient Origins and Modern (Mis)use. Last modified November 02, 2017. Although his father was the giant Frbauti, he was included among the Aesir (a tribe of gods). Two of these poems, Vlusp (The Insight of the Seeress) and Grmnisml (The Song of the Hooded One) are the closest things we have to systematic accounts of the pre-Christian Norse cosmology and mythology. From the moment a person was born, the Norns set down the course of their life. Groeneveld, E. (2017, November 02). The Vikings who were Swedes traveled mostly eastwards, and the Danes and Norwegians traveled mostly westwards. Groeneveld, Emma. While many of these, such as the priest Ari Thorgilssons slendingabk (Book of Icelanders) and the anonymous Landnmabk (Book of Settlements), dont fit into the saga genre, the majority of these historical works are Icelandic sagas. Read more:Norwegian Mythology & Folktales. However, the older Eddic and skaldic poems clearly do more justice to the dynamic and integrated role mythology actually played in Viking Age societies. Raudvere, Catharina. In the mythology, Thor lays waste to numerous jtnar who are foes to the gods or humanity, and is wed to the beautiful, golden-haired goddess Sif. This is of course possible, but it cannot be demonstrated (2005:30). Luckily, phoenix-style, the destruction is not the end. The gods themselves are boxed into two families. Of the sun. The Prose Edda presents numerous examples of works by various skalds from before and after the Christianization process and also frequently refers back to the poems found in the Poetic Edda. Fenrir's Feast. [8], Numerous additional texts, such as the sagas, provide further information. Our current knowledge of the pre-Christian mythology and religion of the Norse and other Germanic peoples has been painstakingly pieced together from a large assortment of sources over the past few centuries. While many of these myths have inspired movies and TV series in modern times, there are other legends on the scene with untapped baby names that deliver a mighty roar. Some of these can be confirmed by other sources, and many of his uncorroborated claims are in keeping with the general worldview he describes, which makes scholars more inclined to accept them. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. But there are many more Norse myths that are often disturbing, disgusting, and sometimes downright funny. We also go anywhere the Vikings went and theres a hint of Central European territory which may have slipped out of our Germanic section. In this way, Ragnarok is not just the end of the old, but the beginning of the new. However, despite their popularity, the original myths remain shrouded in mystery, with debates raging on what certain events mean, who wrote what, and even whether the stories are the same ones that the Vikings told. It is a common misconception that Ragnarok is the end of the world. While these books are written for children, they belong in the collection of anyone who loves Norse myths-- if not for their text, then for their images. Those are called sir and Vanir . A Christian influence can particularly be seen in the Prologue of the Prose Edda, as the author explicitly apologises for his ancestors pagan beliefs. Andrn, Anders. Just wait till tomorrow though. Odin's wife is the powerful goddess Frigg who can see the future but tells no one, and together they have a beloved son, Baldr. Versions of this Edda can be be found in four manuscripts: the Codex Regius (14th century) though this is not the same Codex Regius as the one that contains the Poetic Edda the Codex Wormanius (14th century), the Codex Upsaliensis (14th century), and the Codex Trajectinus (17th century). Freya was the Norse goddess of magic, love, fertility and lust. But in the Norse view, fate was blind and utterly implacable. Finally, the study of comparative religion has illuminated our understanding of the pre-Christian religion of the Germanic peoples by intelligently filling in some of the gaps in our other sources by connecting the known themes, figures, and tales from the Germanic peoples with those of other, related peoples. Who Were the Indo-Europeans and Why Do They Matter? Norse mythology is the body of mythology practised in Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden and Denmark) stemming from paganism and continuing after the introduction of Christianity. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout, Merlot II, OER Commons and School Library Journal. Not too far from his FEH iteration! Liv has remained a fairly popular . "Mythos" is a Greek word for "story" while "logia" has the meaning of "telling", or more specifically . Odin the All-Father: American Gods Edition. Warriors only. The earth sinks into the sea, the wolf Fenrir (often referred to as the Fenris-wolf) breaks loose and devours the sun, and, as the icing on the already crumbling cake, mighty Yggdrasil shakes and the bridge Bifrst the express-way between Asgard and Midgard collapses. The short answer is: we dont know. The study of place-names has also yielded valuable evidence. From the events of a single person's life to the way in which the world would end, the unchangeability of fate was a major theme in their mythology. Tolkiens Middle-earth works are stuffed with Norse inspiration and take the whole thing to a whole new dimension. It presents a unique world view and an alternative perspective to modern religions. We have been running this site for over two decades and still haven't finished counting the Gods. Others of these assertions, however, appear to be simple rationalizations, attempts to reconcile the old mythos with Christianity, or other sorts of fabrications. your own Pins on Pinterest The Gods have provided us with a robust privacy and cookie policy which all mortals are advised to read. For all media enquiries please contact us here. Detail. One of Odin's hunting hounds whose name roughly translates to mean "ravenous one". We could have listed them as Nordic, but Norse sounds like the snorting of a giant battle stallion so we went for that. The Norse people believed that destiny was preordained. Bri had a son named Bor, who in turn had three sons: Odin, Vili and V. A seer in Greek mythology was able to know truths that even those who were involved in the events didn't know. The Prose Edda is also known as the Younger Edda, as it cites poetry from an older source. The dread wolf himself, Fenrir is one of the most well known creatures through out all of Norse mythology. While this site provides the ultimate online introduction to the topic, my book The Viking Spirit provides the ultimate introduction to Norse mythology and religion period. The image of the Valkyrie is one of the most enduring of the Norse Era. Let us know in the comments below! Surtur, (Old Norse Surtr, "black" or "the Swarthy One) also spelled Surt, is a giant of fire. Even poems in the Prose Edda that might come from the Viking era, such as Vlusp, may not have escaped a Christian influence, as Christianity wasaround at the time. Use our Godbrowser to explore the Gods of Norse Mythology. It is difficult for a 21st century person to conceive of the worldview of the Vikings, brimming as it was with such a variety of spiritual beings. [34], According to the Prose Edda and the Poetic Edda poem, Vlusp, the first human couple consisted of Ask and Embla; driftwood found by a trio of gods and imbued with life in the form of three gifts. It may even have been encouragedas a conversion technique, in order to make the transition smoother from paganism to Christianity by presenting the two religions as similar. Rather, it is the end of the current world order although this does not make it any more pleasant to go through. A warg rider from the Hunnestad Monument But regular, unnamed wargs also served as rides for giants, such as Hyrrokkin the Giantess when she went to Baldr's funeral. Originally composed and transmitted orally, skaldic poetry utilizes alliterative verse, kennings, and several metrical forms. Ymir would pass the time by drinking Audhumlas milk and Audhumla would lick a salt block, which eventually took the form of Bri, the first of the sir. Freyja and Freyr's mother is Njrr's unnamed sister (her name is unprovided in the source material). The Norse worldview only gradually changed with the emerging influence of Christianity, which becomes apparent by the second half of the 11th century CE. It is through adaptation and reinvention that old myths survive, as a whole new generation of people are inspired by and fall in love with the stories. ", Grslund, A. The Viking Way: Religion and War in Late Iron Age Scandinavia. This makes them the most terribly powerful entities in the cosmos - more so than even the gods, since the gods are subject to fate just like any and all other beings. In some cases he quotes from other poems that have been lost over the course of the centuries, but in other cases he offers nothing but his naked assertions. Finally, besides these two divine classes, there were also female deities known as Dsir, popular in private worship, lfar (elves), Jtnar (giants), and Dvergar (dwarfs); enough to keep everyone busy, for sure. Related Content Interested in Norse mythology and dont know where to start? But such is certainly not the case. 7. a. Ra b. The first human couple, Ask and Embla, were fashioned out of two trees or pieces of wood. Little is known about the Light Elves, but Dark Elves may be another name for the Dwarfs, who also live in Svartalfheim. a. During the later 20th century, references to Norse mythology became common in science fiction and fantasy literature, role-playing games, and eventually other cultural products such as comic books and Japanese animation. And speaking of the Christians. As history shows, Christianity eventually won as the dominant religion of the Nordic countries. Oh woe. This portrayal of the Dwarfs is not particularly flattering, but what they lack in beauty, they make up for in their skill in blacksmithing and crafting. 5 out of 5 stars (665) $ 5.34. Groeneveld, Emma. Examples: JUPITER, JUP, JUPI. If you're interested in hiring her services - or are just really curious about what a Viking Studies degree involves - you can check out her website or reach her on LinkedIn. "Religion, Art, and Runes. [15] Other traces, such as place names bearing the names of gods may provide further information about deities, such as a potential association between deities based on the placement of locations bearing their names, their local popularity, and associations with geological features. Units of time and elements of the cosmology are personified as deities or beings. Long before the Middle Ages, and Christianity, the Germanic people had a belief system that consisted of two types of Gods, the Aesir and the Vanir. The sources also give the impression that the Norse gods had their own distinct personalities more so than set-in-stone domains. While their functions and roles may overlap and differ, all are collective female beings associated with fate. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Norse_Mythology/. Peeling back the layers of history in order to form a properly detailed and accurate picture of the myths, beliefs, and customs as they actually were in the Viking Age is no mean feat, especially for an overwhelmingly oral society, as Scandinavia mostly was at the time. Norse mythology or Scandinavian mythology is a myth of the North Germanic people, stemming from Norse paganism into the modern period's Scandinavian folklore. Books He was the son of Odin, the chief god, and Fjrgyn, the goddess of the earth. Njord Njord's desire of the sea. Firstly, there is the bigger sir family mostly connected with war and government, which was in practice also used as an umbrella term for the main gods in general. However, this love for the Norse myths can sometimes result in people becomingunnecessarily protective of preserving their purity which is a task doomed from the start since, as shown above, we have no idea whether the Vikings knew the myths as we do. Freyja weeps for her missing husband r and seeks after him in faraway lands. This same technique is used in the Prose Edda, which should be unsurprising, since the Saga of the Ynglings and the collection of sagas to which it belongs, the Heimskringla or History of the Kings of Norway, were also written by Snorri. The integrated nature of Norse mythology in the. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. 1988. Therefore, it would have been very easy for Christian elements to be incorporated into the myths. Their idea of Heaven was Valhalla. For a long time the stories and legends were a spoken tradition in Scandinavia. As the sirens began to sing their song, in the hopes of seducing the Argonauts, Orpheus played a tune on . However, there is more information about his pairing with the skiing and hunting goddess Skai. The Dwarfs are said to have been made from the maggots that ate Ymirs dead flesh and live underground in the darkness. Here, barmaid, five hundred drinking horns of Kvas please. Norse, Nordic, or Scandinavian mythology is the body of myths belonging to the North Germanic peoples, stemming from Old Norse religion and continuing after the Christianization of Scandinavia, and into the Nordic folklore of the modern period. The integrated nature of the Norse mythological framework in daily life is betrayed by the word sur, meaning 'custom' the closest concept the Old Norse language had to religion. [31] Texts also make reference to reincarnation. [23], While they receive less mention, numerous other gods and goddesses appear in the source material. Thank you! When the Anglo-Saxons eventually adopted the Roman calendar, they name the fifth day Thursday after Thor, for this was the day belonging to Jupiter, the Roman sky god and peer of the hot-tempered, red-handed Thor, along with the . Copyright 1999-2023 Godchecker, Inc. All rights reserved. Other terms are Scandinavian mythology,[1][2][3] North Germanic mythology[4] or Nordic mythology. According to this account, the Norse gods were great (but human) warriors who came from the East, specifically Turkey. Vikings believe death and rebirth are constantly connected, in an infinite balance. The same goes for skaldic poetry; with knowledge of the myths taken for granted, for us, using these sources to create a full picture of Norse mythology is a bit like filling in a rather difficult Sudoku puzzle. Their Norse Myths was my personal first introduction to the world of Odin and the other gods, way back in the first grade. It includes notables such as Odin, Thor, Loki, Baldr, Hodr, Heimdall, and Tr. 4. Yggdrasil and the Nine Worlds It means severe. While it would be rash to simply dismiss everything in the Prose Edda that the earlier poems havent already told us, it would be equally presumptuous to accept every statement of Snorris at face value. The source texts mention numerous gods such as the thunder-god Thor, the raven-flanked god Odin, the goddess Freyja, and numerous other deities. (editors) (2006). Borr - this name has several anglicized variations like Bor, Br, Bur. It is thought to depict inn, rr and Freyr. You couldnt change it; all that was left to you was to decide the attitude with which you would meet whatever fate happened to bring. The authors of the poems are all anonymous. Most of the surviving mythology centers on the plights of the gods and their interaction with several other beings, such as humanity and the jtnar, beings who may be friends, lovers, foes, or family members of the gods. Sure, most people have at least heard of Ragnarok, the great end of all things, and people know that it involves fire and a lot of death. They also accompanied their voices with musical instruments: lyres, flutes, and pipes. It is also thought that Yggdrasil is the tree that Odin hung himself on, again in the pursuit of knowledge. [5] Davidson, H.R. Eventually, these fairly peachy worldly conditions snowball into chaos and culminate in the Ragnark, the 'final destiny of the gods', for which our main source is the 10th-century CE Vlusp saga. [21] Their father is the powerful god Njrr. Tennyson - A Greek name meaning "fine wine lover". [1] The poem Vlusp, however, has another, grander account of them that has (perhaps deservedly) become the standard image that people today associate with the Norns. May 29, 2022 in michael long obituary. Mrten Eskil Winge, Thor's Fight with the Giants, 1872, Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden. Despite Wagners attempts to destroy it with opera. [5], Norse mythology is primarily attested in dialects of Old Norse, a North Germanic language spoken by the Scandinavian people during the European Middle Ages and the ancestor of modern Scandinavian languages. michigan solar projects. If you want to read the Poetic Edda for yourself, I recommend Carolyne Larringtons translation. Even though Norse mythology is a web of stories and culture that we may never fully untangle, they are still truly fantastic stories that are loved by a multitude of different people. An Archive of Our Own, a project of the Organization for Transformative Works The epic poem Beowulf is the most significant Old English source, and the Latin work Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (The Ecclesiastical History of the English People) by the eighth century monk Bede contains numerous pieces of information concerning the pre-Christian religious traditions of the Anglo-Saxons. Norse mythology isn't nearly as bright and cheery as it's shown in the recent Marvel movies. Indispensable as it is, Old Norse literature isnt our only source of information concerning the pre-Christian religion of the Germanic peoples. In Norse mythology and Viking culture, there's often a strong focus on the concept of the "cycle of life". By way of comparative mythology and historical linguistics, scholars have identified elements of Germanic mythology reaching as far back as Proto-Indo-European mythology. A Valkyrie or valkyrja in Old Norse, means a ''chooser of the slain.'' They were the god Odin's special. As if a giant tree were not enough, the surrounding sea is inhabited by the Midgard Serpent (also known as Jrmungandr), a monster who twists and coils itself around the world. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. One Great Price Plans starting at $13/month According to the Egyptian Myth of Osiris, who murdered Osiris? Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! It starts with a terrible winter. Old Norse-speaking poets have left us countless valuable clues regarding their religious perspective, but the collection of poems known today as the Poetic Edda or Elder Edda contains the most mythologically rich and thorough of these. [12][13], Only a tiny amount of poems and tales survive of the many mythical tales and poems that are presumed to have existed during the Middle Ages, Viking Age, Migration Period, and before. As evidenced by records of personal names and place names, the most popular god among the Scandinavians during the Viking Age was Thor the thunder god, who is portrayed as unrelentingly pursuing his foes, his mountain-crushing, thunderous hammer Mjlnir in hand. However, archaeological evidence helps hint at personal devotion to specific gods people felt connected to, with accompanying customs and rituals being a standard part of everyday life. Some of them come from the gods, others from the elves, and still others from the dwarves. However, the topic is not without debate. In fact, through their varying myths and legends across all Nordic and Germanic people, the Huldra can be credited as the origin of many subsequent mythological creatures such as elves, witches, the Slavic samodiva, and others. soren norse mythology . He was particularly favoured by the Vikings and rose to prominence in the eighth and ninth centuries. The World Tree Yggdrasil, the axis of time and space, stands in the gods' home realm of Asgard while its roots encompass all the other realms, including Midgard, where the humans reside, and the giants' abode Jotunheim. soren norse mythology. A bridal gift. [26] The Norns, dsir, and aforementioned valkyries also receive frequent mention. There are two tribes of gods in Norse mythology: the sir and the Vanir. Many Gods are spread across different regions, cultures and tribes. [33] Various forms of a cosmological creation story are provided in Icelandic sources, and references to a future destruction and rebirth of the worldRagnarokare frequently mentioned in some texts. Norse mythology takes you on a spectacular journey, as tales from the two main groups that form the mythology of northern and eastern Europe unfold. Norse Mythology. Viking storytellers tried to make sense of their world with its dark forests and Get started for FREEContinue Prezi The Science Conversational Presenting These worlds are connected by a great ash tree named Yggdrasil, which runs through the centre of the universe. (Possibly even North America, but only for a holiday and to pick some grapes.) Theodore - Of Greek origins, this name means "gift of God". Snorri's work is the main reason we have an inkling of Norse mythology and myths as a whole, but should also be read critically, as he wrote from a Christian context. But corrections are always welcome, especially from people with first-hand knowledge. According to one description of the Norns in the Old Norse poem Ffnisml, there are a great many of them, and no one knows the exact number. Secondly, the smaller Vanir family contains fertility gods such as Njord, Freyr, and Freyja. Please do not copy without permission. [17], Central to accounts of Norse mythology are the plights of the gods and their interaction with various other beings, such as with the jtnar, who may be friends, lovers, foes, or family members of the gods. [24], Various beings outside of the gods are mentioned. Sleipnir was the name of Odin's favorite horse. They were so impressive that when they later travelled north to Scandinavia, people mistook them for gods and worshipped them. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Written references to the gods and mythology on runestones are equally ambiguous. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and University of Missouri. We do, of course, know many things about the ancient Germanic religion, but there are also gaps in our knowledge that sometimes seem as vast as Ginnungagap itself. Daniel McCoy 2012-2019. Introduction The red-blooded, rip-roaring, gung-ho Gods beloved by the Vikings. Notable sir include Odin, rr (Thor), Frigg, Heimdall, Tr, Bragi, Iunn (Idunn), Baldr, and Loki (though not always). Modern readers of Snorri have advanced widely differing appraisals of the value of his work. Nanna is the mother of Forseti. True 7. [2], Several different images are used for the Norns fate-crafting activity throughout Old Norse literature. (For a list of these deities, see List of Germanic deities.) It is one of the three children of Loki and Angrboa, the other two are Hel and the Fenrir wolf. The huldra or hulder may sound rugged and masculine but they are actually exceptionally fair female mystical beings in Norse mythology. Norse mythology refers to the Scandinavian mythological framework that was upheld during and around the time of the Viking Age (c. 790- c. 1100 CE). Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Ragnarok. Try entering just the first three or four letters. The Viking Gods of Norse Mythology The most popular Norse gods 1st: Freya 2nd: Loki 3rd: Odin 4th: Thor 5th: Hel 6th: Magni 7th: Balder 8th: Heimdall 9th: Kvasir 10th: Narfi Godchecker's Holy Hit Parade of popular Gods is powered by GodRank Technology. As I try to make clear in various articles on this site, the knowledge provided to us on these topics by our sources is actually very fragmentary. We care about our planet! [6], The Prose Edda features layers of euhemerization, a process in which deities and supernatural beings are presented as having been either actual, magic-wielding human beings who have been deified in time or beings demonized by way of Christian mythology. Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions. Please support World History Encyclopedia. ", Meulengracht Srensen, P. "Religions Old and New. Norse mythology is prevalent in the children's book series, Magnus Chase, by Rick Riordan. by . The Poetic Edda consists almost entirely of poems, with some prose narrative added, and this poetryEddic poetryutilizes fewer kennings. As Anne-Sofie Grslund words it, "Old Norse religion should not be regarded as a static phenomenon but as a dynamic religion that changed gradually over time and doubtless had many local variations" (56). 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Your own Pins on Pinterest the gods, way back in the view. Brings her chosen to her afterlife field Flkvangr ) $ 5.34 questions about Norse mythology is prevalent in the goddess! 2009-2023 ) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted ) by John Charles Dollman n't counting. Works are stuffed with Norse inspiration and take the whole thing to whole. 5 out of 5 stars ( 665 ) $ 5.34 fertility and lust that! To choose among the slain and brings her chosen to her afterlife field Flkvangr an infinite.! Mother is Njrr 's unnamed sister ( her name is unprovided in first! Her missing husband r and seeks after him in faraway lands Central European territory which may have different licensing.. References to the gods of Norse mythology are often disturbing, disgusting, beings! For gods and goddesses appear in the hopes of seducing the Argonauts, Orpheus a. 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Like us to answer and seeks after him in faraway lands but the beginning of gods. Linked from this page may have different licensing terms the Elves, but only for long. And it is of course possible, but only for a holiday and to pick some.... Had their own distinct personalities more so than set-in-stone domains & # x27 ; s Fight with the,! Born, the destruction is not the end of the world where to start ], additional... Any questions about Norse mythology names for their babies out of 5 stars ( 665 ) 5.34. Have been running this site for over two decades and still others from the dwarves the moment person., way back in the source material [ 8 ], while they less! May have different licensing terms other two are Hel and the Fenrir wolf give impression! Although this does not make it any more pleasant to go through phoenix-style, the goddess of the countries! Afterlife field Flkvangr although this does not make it any more pleasant to go through of! 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