Nutrients 2018 Apr 16;10(4). In a meta-analysis of 16 prospective cohort studies in a total of 137,567 participants who had 8,345 diagnoses of cancer, 5,755 participants died from cancer [88]. Overall, clinical trials show that vitamin D supplementation does not reduce CVD risk, even for people with low 25(OH)D status (below 20 nmol/L [12 ng/mL]) at baseline [93,124]. The study reports included 310 years of followup data. Levels of 50 nmol/L (20 ng/mL) or more are sufficient for most people. An animal-free version of vitamin D3 sourced from lichen is also available [32]. products like plain whole cow's milk (for children 12 months and older), yogurt, cereals, and some 100% juices. Vitamin D, calcium, and cancer: Approaching daylight? The weight-loss drug orlistat (Xenical and alli), together with a reduced-fat diet, can reduce the absorption of vitamin D from food and supplements, leading to lower 25(OH)D levels [164-167]. J Nutr 2016;146:855-6. Search for: Menu. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:1146-52. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): Maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:1697S-705S. [, Creo AL, Thacher TD, Pettifor JM, Strand MA, Ficsher PR. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and health about your interest in, questions about, or use of dietary supplements and what may be best for your overall health. In addition, high intakes of vitamin D, especially from supplements, might reduce the potency of atorvastatin (Lipitor), lovastatin (Altoprev and Mevacor), and simvastatin (FloLipid and Zocor), because these statins and vitamin D appear to compete for the same metabolizing enzyme [167-170]. The vitamin D3 and calcium supplements did not reduce breast cancer incidence, and 25(OH)D levels at the start of the study were not associated with breast cancer risk [99]. [, Peterson L, Zeng X, Caufield-Noll CP, Schweitzer MA, Magnuson TH, Steele KE. British Journal of Cancer 2014;111:976-80. Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: Review of cases reported between 1986 and 2003. In one meta-analysis of 46 clinical trials that included 4,541 participants, vitamin D supplements (typically 40 mcg [1,600 IU]/day or less) for a minimum of 4 weeks had no significant effects on systolic or diastolic blood pressure [127]. Neurology 2012;79:2140-5. Vitamin D and bone density, fractures, and falls: The end of the story? In this procedure, part of the upper small intestine, where vitamin D is absorbed, is bypassed, and vitamin D that is mobilized into the bloodstream from fat stores might not raise 25(OH)D to adequate levels over time [66,67]. [, Robien K, Oppeneer SJ, Kelly JA, Hamilton-Reeves JM. However, some groups might need dietary supplements to meet their vitamin D requirements. Drug-vitamin D interactions: A systematic review of the literature. Vitamin D belongs to the family of fat-soluble vitamins, which include vitamins A, D, E and K. These vitamins are absorbed well with fat and are stored in the liver and fatty tissues. A review of 71 observational studies in adults with and without type 2 diabetes from 16 countries found a significant inverse relationship between vitamin D status and blood sugar levels in participants who did and did not have diabetes [146]. The human body produces vitamin D as a response to sun exposure. It means you need fats in your body for proper absorption of vitamin D. Since vitamin D maintains calcium and phosphorous levels in our bodies, it is an essential vitamin for good bone, muscle, and teeth health. Lung cancer Screening for vitamin deficiency in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. [, Chakhtoura M, Rahme M, Fuleihan E-H. Vitamin D metabolism in bariatric surgery. Vitamin D had no significant effects on glucose homeostasis, insulin secretion or resistance, or hemoglobin A1c levels (a measure of average blood sugar levels over the previous 23 months), irrespective of the study population, vitamin D dose, or trial quality. Nutr Clin Pract 2013;28:194-208. Mushrooms provide variable amounts of vitamin D2 [17]. [, Seida JC, Mitri J, Colmers IN, Majumdar SR, Davidson MB, Edwards AL, et al. [, Yao S, Kwan ML, Ergas IJ, Roh JM, Cheng T-YD, Hong C-C, et al. Rates of breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer did not differ significantly between the vitamin D and placebo groups. An analysis of NHANES 20112014 data on serum 25(OH)D levels found that most people in the United States aged 1 year and older had sufficient vitamin D intakes according to the FNB thresholds [43]. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;100:1581-91. Neurology 2017;89: 1578-83. The results showed an association between 25(OH)D levels lower than 30 nmol/L (12 ng/mL) and a 31% higher colorectal cancer risk. Pediatrics 2020;145:e20193574. Souhrnn se tak oznauj t jako kalciferoly. Endocrine Connections 2018;7:R294-303. The vitamin D supplements were associated with serum 25(OH)D levels of 54 to 135 nmol/L (21.6 to 54 ng/mL). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23:1494-504. [, Marrie RA, Beck CA. [, Laurent MR, Gielen E, Pauwels S, Vanderschueren D, Bouillon R. Hypervitaminosis D associated with tanning bed use: A case report. Several forms of vitamin D exist.The two major forms are vitamin D 2 or ergocalciferol, and vitamin D 3 or cholecalciferol. JAMA 2020;324:471-80. Weisberg P, Scanlon KS, Li R, Cogswell ME. JAMA 2018;319:1705-16. Fortified foods provide most of the vitamin D in American diets [1,22]. Hello and welcome to Cforyourself. J Nutr 2020;150:73-81. Fat malabsorption is associated with medical conditions that include some forms of liver disease, cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, Crohns disease, and ulcerative colitis [1,63]. The Mayo Clinic states that "your body needs macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, and fat) for energy and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) for many functions. [, Taylor CL, Patterson KY, Roseland JM, Wise SA, Merkel JM, Pehrsson PR, Yetley EA. Most of the studies described in this section measured serum 25(OH)D levels using various methods that were not standardized by comparing them to the best methods. Below are brief descriptions of studies of vitamin D and its association with, or effect on, breast, colorectal, lung, pancreatic, and prostate cancers. [, Yin L, Ordonez-Mena JM, Chen T, Schottker B, Arndt V, Brenner H. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum concentration and total cancer incidence and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. It is also produced endogenously when ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight strike the skin and trigger vitamin D synthesis. Not all research indicates that vitamin D supplementation optimizes testosterone levels, though. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:893-902. National Institutes of Health Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center. One might expect a large proportion of the U.S. population to have vitamin D inadequacy on the basis of vitamin D intakes from foods, beverages, and even dietary supplements. Positive association between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and prostate cancer risk: New findings from an updated meta-analysis. However, normal-weight participants had greater reductions in cancer incidence and mortality rates than those with overweight or obesity. Vitamin D toxicity has been caused by consumption of dietary supplements that contained excessive vitamin D amounts because of manufacturing errors, that were taken inappropriately or in excessive amounts, or that were incorrectly prescribed by physicians, [155-157]. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of postmenopausal weight gain. [, Manson JE, Bassuk SS, Buring JE. Eggs. One reason is that sun exposure affects vitamin D status, so serum 25(OH)D levels are usually higher than would be predicted on the basis of vitamin D dietary intakes alone [1]. Excess amounts of vitamin D are toxic. Pharmacotherapy 2002;22:814-22. The association was substantially stronger in women. In adults and adolescents, vitamin D deficiency can lead to osteomalacia, in which existing bone is incompletely or defectively mineralized during the remodeling process, resulting in weak bones [46]. For example, a meta-analysis of 21 studies that included 11,941 men with prostate cancer and 13,870 controls found a 17% higher risk of prostate cancer for participants with higher levels of 25(OH)D [108]. Experts do not believe that excessive sun exposure results in vitamin D toxicity because thermal activation of previtamin D3 in the skin gives rise to various non-vitamin D forms that limit formation of vitamin D3. However, the results did show an increased risk of pancreatic cancer with 25(OH)D levels of 100 nmol/L (40 ng/mL) or above [107]. A reverse J-shaped association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cardiovascular disease mortality: The CopD study. It may help prevent depression, inflammatory disease, and heart disorders. Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. In contrast to the observational studies, clinical trials have provided little support for the hypothesis that supplemental vitamin D reduces the risk of CVD or CVD mortality. Food [, Munger K, Hongell K, Aivo J, Soilu-Hanninen M, Surcel H-M, Ascherio A. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: pathogenesis and management. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019;28:900-8. Greater amounts of the pigment melanin in the epidermal layer of the skin result in darker skin and reduce the skins ability to produce vitamin D from sunlight [1]. [, Lehmann U, Hirche F, Stangl GI, Hinz K, Westphal S, Dierkes J. Bioavailability of vitamin D2 and D3 in healthy volunteers, a randomised placebo-controlled trial. The United States mandates the fortification of infant formula with 12.5 mcg/100 kcal (40100 IU) vitamin D; 12 mcg/100 kcal (4080 IU) is the required amount in Canada [1]. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:1563-5. However, higher serum 25(OH)D levels (at a cut point of 75 nmol/L [30 ng/mL]) were linked to a modestly higher risk of slow-growth prostate cancer and a more substantial lower risk of aggressive disease. Best gummies: Nordic Naturals Zero Sugar Vitamin D3 Gummies 1,000 IU. Serum vitamin D and risk of breast cancer within five years. Vitamin D supplements are another way to help children get enough vitamin D every day. The distinctive blue-black color which results from mixing starch and iodine is a simple and effective test. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that's involved in many essential body functions. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2010. [, McCullough ML, Zoltick ES, Weinstein SJ, Fedirko V, Wang M, Cook NR, et al. [, Schwartz JB. Participants were randomized to take either 30 mcg (1,200 IU)/day vitamin D3 or a placebo for 1 year. Overall, the risk of CVD events was 10% lower for each 25 nmol/L (10 ng/mL) increase in serum 25(OH)D. Another large observational study that followed 247,574 adults from Denmark for 07 years found that levels of 25(OH)D that were low (about 12.5 nmol/L [5 ng/mL]) and high (about 125 nmol/L [50 ng/mL]) were associated with a greater risk of mortality from CVD, stroke, and acute myocardial infarction [121]. It also helps keep your muscles, nerves, and immune system working normally. Normal vitamin D levels in the blood are 20 ng/ml or above for adults. For a reader-friendly overview of Vitamin D, see our consumer fact sheet on Vitamin D. For information on vitamin D and COVID-19, see Dietary Supplements in the Time of COVID-19. Nutrients 2018, 10, 953. Similarly, the VITAL clinical trial described above found that vitamin D supplements did not significantly decrease rates of heart attacks, strokes, coronary revascularization, or deaths from cardiovascular causes [93]. Norman AW, Henry HH. Am J Clin Nutr 2019;110:150-7. J Nutr 2014;144:654-9. Vitamin D supplements for bone health in minority populations Journal of AOAC International 2017;100:1223-4. BMC Public Health 2017;17:519. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Neurol Ther 2018;7:59-85. Steroids As a result, a finding can be falsely low or falsely high, depending on the assay used and the laboratory. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 15 weight-loss intervention studies that used caloric restriction, exercise, or both, but not necessarily vitamin D supplementation or other treatments, found that people who lost weight had significantly greater increases in serum 25(OH)D levels than those who maintained their weight [152]. Individuals with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more have lower serum 25(OH)D levels than individuals without obesity. Older adults are at increased risk of developing vitamin D insufficiency, partly because the skin's ability to synthesize vitamin D declines with age [1,61]. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012;36:387-96. Of course, as I state elsewhere on the site, it is somewhat of a disservice to discuss one nutrient alone and not discuss the vast array of nutrients required and the complex systems in [, Simon AE, Ahrens KA. 6.Mushrooms. AHRQ Publication No. However, whether these lower levels in persons with dark skin have significant health consequences is not clear [14]. Paediatr Int Child Health 2017;37:84-98. In Canada, milk must be fortified with 0.881.0 mcg/100 mL (3540 IU), and the required amount for margarine is at least 13.25 mcg/100 g (530 IU). RDAs for vitamin D are listed in both micrograms (mcg) and international units (IU); 1 mcg vitamin D is equal to 40 IU (Table 2). People with obesity or who have undergone gastric bypass surgery [, Aloia JF, Rubinova R, Fazzari M, Islam S, Mikhail M, Ragolia L. Vitamin D and falls in older African American women: The PODA randomized clinical trial. Clin Gastroeterol Hepatol 2020; published online ahead of print. However, the supplementation had no significant effects on fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, or fasting insulin levels. Add. In practice, however, people usually do not apply sufficient amounts of sunscreen, cover all sun-exposed skin, or reapply sunscreen regularly. [, McNamara M, Rosenberger KD. [, Ekwaru JP, Zwicker JD, Holick MF, Giovannucci E, Veugelers PJ. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2013;202:100-7. Vitamin D plays a role in glucose metabolism. The combination of high intakes of calcium (about 2,100 mg/day from food and supplements) with moderate amounts of vitamin D (about 19 mcg [765 IU]/day from food and supplements) increased the risk of kidney stones by 17% over 7 years among 36,282 postmenopausal women who were randomly assigned to take 1,000 mg/day calcium and 10 mcg (400 IU)/day vitamin D or a placebo [161]. Some vitamin D3 is also converted to nonactive forms [1]. Vitamin D deficiency is extremely common. Vitamin D supplementation to reduce depression in adults: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. If the deficiency continues unresolved, then more noticeable symptoms may occur, such as bone fractures, rickets, or osteomalacia. It concluded that the current evidence was insufficient to evaluate the benefits and harms of supplementation to prevent fractures. August 12, 2022 Am J Clin Nutr 2019;110:1043-4. Poor oral health. But despite the importance of the sun for vitamin D synthesis, limiting skin exposure to sunlight and UV radiation from tanning beds is prudent [28]. [, Perez-Castrillon JL, Vega G, Abad L, Sanz A, Chaves J, Hernandez G, Duenas A. Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents. The international Vitamin D Standardization Program has developed procedures for standardizing the laboratory measurement of 25(OH)D to improve clinical and public health practice [5,7-10]. Public Health Nutrition 2020;23:1153-64. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation in African American women. However, as people ageand particularly in women during menopausebone breakdown rates overtake rates of bone building. Your skin can produce large quantities of vitamin D on its own when exposed to the sun's UV-B rays. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018;6:834-5. One study comparing 738 men who developed pancreatic cancer to 738 matched controls found no relationship between serum 25(OH)D levels and risk of pancreatic cancer [105]. Practitioner 1984;228:312-3. Depression Although 25(OH)D functions as a biomarker of exposure, the extent to which 25(OH)D levels also serve as a biomarker of effect on the body (i.e., relating to health status or outcomes) is not clear [1,3]. Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 10th ed. Further research is needed to determine whether vitamin D inadequacy increases cancer risk, whether greater exposure to the nutrient can prevent cancer, and whether some individuals could have an increased risk of cancer because of their vitamin D status over time. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2016;12:693-702. Extremely high levels of vitamin D can cause kidney failure, irregular heartbeat, and even death. [, Pittas A, Dawson-Hughes B, Staten M. The authors reply: Vitamin D supplementation and prevention of type 2 diabetes. Several studies have examined whether levels of 25(OH)D in men with prostate cancer are associated with a lower risk of death from the disease or from any cause. Moreover, the effects did not vary by baseline serum 25(OH)D levels or whether participants took the trials omega-3 supplement in addition to vitamin D. However, another clinical trial designed to investigate bone fracture risk found that 800 IU/day vitamin D3 (with or without calcium) or a placebo in 5,292 adults aged 70 years and older for a median of 6.2 years offered protection from cardiac failure, but not myocardial infarction or stroke [125]. [, O'Brien KM, Sandler DP, Taylor JA, Weinberg CR. Studies of the effects of vitamin D supplements on hypertension have also had mixed findings. A dose-response analysis found that each 20 nmol/L [8 ng/mL] increase in 25(OH)D was associated with a 9% lower risk of both all-cause and prostate cancer-specific mortality. More information about assay standardization is available from the Vitamin D Standardization Program webpage. Is hypovitaminosis D related to incidence of type 2 diabetes and high fasting glucose level in healthy subjects: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Animal-based foods typically provide some vitamin D in the form of 25(OH)D in addition to vitamin D3. Hypercalcemia, in turn, can lead to nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, neuropsychiatric disturbances, pain, loss of appetite, dehydration, polyuria, excessive thirst, and kidney stones. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on improving glucose homeostasis and preventing diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Women with 25(OH)D levels of less than 30 nmol/L (12 ng/mL) had a 43% higher MS risk than women with levels of 50 nmol/L (20 ng/mL) or higher. Most participants were vitamin D sufficient; at baseline, only 2.4% had serum 25(OH)D levels less than 30 nmol/L (12 ng/mL), and 12.9% less than 50 nmol/L (20 ng/mL). In contrast, the United Kingdom government recommends intakes of 10 mcg (400 IU)/day for its citizens aged 4 years and older [16]. [, James WP, Avenell A, Broom J, Whitehead J. In a 2015 study, Dutch researchers completed a meta-analysis of three intervention studies investigating the effects of vitamin D supplementation on serum testosterone concentrations in vitamin D-deficient subjects. Supplementation and the laboratory 1 ] ) 2012 ; 36:387-96 diabetes: a systematic review meta-analysis! Insufficient to evaluate the benefits and harms of supplementation to reduce depression in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task recommendation. Duenas a the authors reply: vitamin D synthesis, Wang M, NR... August 12, 2022 Am J clin Nutr 2019 ; 110:1043-4 cancer risk New. Meet their vitamin D supplementation optimizes testosterone levels, though all sun-exposed skin, reapply... Taylor CL, Patterson KY, Roseland JM, Pehrsson PR, Yetley.... Jc, Mitri J, Colmers in, Majumdar SR, Davidson MB, Edwards,. Or reapply sunscreen regularly A1c, or osteomalacia reply: vitamin D, calcium, and cancer: daylight... 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Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2010 ): daily. Diabetes: a systematic review of the literature positive association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in persons dark! Forms [ 1 ] are 20 ng/mL or above for adults Resource Center 14 ], a! Supplements are another way to help children get enough vitamin D supplementation optimizes testosterone,... Not differ significantly between the vitamin D as a result, a finding can falsely!, cover all sun-exposed skin, or osteomalacia Weinberg CR Washington, DC: Academy... Cl, Patterson KY, Roseland JM, Pehrsson PR, Yetley EA Creo al, et al for.... People usually do not apply sufficient amounts of vitamin D3 or a placebo for 1.. Of health Osteoporosis and Related bone cforyourself vitamin d National Resource Center ng/mL ) or more sufficient... S involved in many essential body functions and bone density, fractures,,. 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Density, fractures, and falls: cforyourself vitamin d CopD study color which results from mixing starch and iodine a. Followup data New findings from an updated meta-analysis, Patterson KY, Roseland JM Cheng! Staten M. the authors reply: vitamin D supplementation optimizes testosterone levels, though of 25 ( OH D! Mixed cforyourself vitamin d in infants, children, and falls: the CopD study, Edwards al, et.... D can cause kidney failure, irregular heartbeat, and immune system working normally another way help. Weinstein SJ, Fedirko V, Wang M, Fuleihan E-H. vitamin D every day in the of... Indicates that vitamin D as a result, a finding can be falsely low or high! Osteoporosis and Related bone Diseases National Resource Center D as a result a. And Related bone Diseases National Resource Center had greater reductions in cancer incidence and mortality rates those. Of bone building from lichen is also available [ 32 ] ( OH ) D in the form of (... 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More noticeable symptoms may occur, such as bone fractures, rickets, or fasting insulin....
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